Bachelorarbeit, 2021
45 Seiten
DEDICATION
ACKNOLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION
1.2 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
1.3 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
1.4 HYPOTHESIS:
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Coriander Production
2.2 Coriander Varieties in Kenya
2.3 Ecological requirements
2.4 Scientific classification of coriander
2.5 Organic manure
2.6 Benefits of cattle manure
2.7 Nutrient composition of cow manure
2.8 Estimating manure application rates
2.9 Manure application
2.10 Nutritional deficiencies of coriander
2.11 Nutritional composition of coriander
2.12 Medicinal importance of coriander
2.13 Coriander processing
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY LOCATION
3.2 FARM LAYOUT
3.3 SOIL SAMPLING
3.4 MATERIALS
3.5 STUDY DESIGN
3.6 DATA COLLECTION
3.7 DATA ANALYSIS
3.8 EXPERIMENTAL MODEL
4 RESULTS
4.1 Treatment effect on percentage germination
4.2 Treatment effect on the number of plants per plot
4.3 Treatment effect on percentage disease incidence
4.4 Treatment effect on the plant height of coriander
4.5 Treatment effect on the leaf length of coriander
4.6 Treatment effect on number of diseased plants per plot
4.7 Treatment effect on the weight of coriander
4.8 Treatment effect on leaf width of coriander
5 DISCUSSION
5.1 Treatment effect on percentage germination of coriander
5.2 Treatment effect on percentage disease incidence
5.3 Treatment effect on the plant height of coriander
5.4 Treatment effect on the leaf length of coriander
5.5 Effect of treatment on fresh weight
5.6 Effect of treatment on dry weight
5.7 Treatment effect on leaf width of coriander
5.8 Treatment effect on soil PH
6 CONCLUSION
7 RECOMMENDATIONS
8. REFERENCES
Table 1: Analysis of variance for variate: PERCENTAGE GERMINATION
Table 2: Table of means on percentage germination under treatment effect
Table 3: Analysis of variance for variate: NO OF PLANTS PER PLOT
Table 4: Means for number of plants per plot
Table 5: Analysis of variance for variate: PERCENTAGE DISEASE INCIDENCE
Table 6: Table of means on percentage disease incidence under treatment effect
Table 7: Analysis of variance of variate: HEIGHT OF PLANTS WEEK 1
Table 8: Means for height of plants week 1
Table 9: Analysis of variance of variate: HEIGHTS OF PLANTS WEEK 2
Table 10: Means for height of plants week 2
Table 11: Analysis of variance for variate: HEIGHT OF PLANTS WEEK 3
Table 12: Means for height of plants week 3
Table 13: Analysis of variance for variate: HEIGHT OF PLANTS WEEK 4
Table 14: Means for height of plants week 4
Table 15: Analysis of variance for variate: LEAF LENGTH WEEK 1
Table 16: Means for leaf length week 1
Table 17: Analysis of variance for variate: LEAF LENGTH WEEK 2
Table 18: Means for leaf length week 2
Table 19: Analysis of variance for variate: LEAF LENGTH WEEK 3
Table 20: Means for leaf length week 3
Table 21: Analysis of variance for variate: LEAF LENGTH WEEK 4
Table 22: Means for leaf length week 4
Table 23: Analysis of variance for variate: NO OF DISEASED PLANTS PER PLOT
Table 24: Means for number of diseased plants per plot
Table 25: Analysis of variance for variate: FRESH WEIGHT
Table 26: Means for fresh weight
Table 27: Analysis of variance for variate: DRY WEIGHT
Table 28: Means for dry weight
Table 29: Analysis of variance for variate: LEAF WIDTH WEEK1
Table 30: Means for leaf width week one
Table 31: Analysis of variance for variate: LEAF WIDTH WEEK 2
Table 32: Means for leaf width week 2
Table 33: Analysis of variance for variate: LEAF WIDTH WEEK 3
Table 34: Means of leaf width week 3
Table 35: Analysis of variance for variate: LEAF WIDTH WEEK 4
Table 36: Means for leaf width week 4
Table 37: Analysis of variance for variate: SOIL PH
Table 38: Table of means for soil PH
I dedicate this project to all farmers who want to venture in coriander production as a business and as a source of income.
I acknowledge the faculty of science and department of agriculture and veterinary sciences, my able lecturers for knowledge which was used in this project. I would like to extend my appreciation to my supervisor, Mr. Collins Majengo and Mr. Patrick Oluko for their support and guidance.
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is one of the most important spice and medicinal plants belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is also known as cilantro (American: cilantro). It can be grown on a variety of soil and prefers light, well drained, moist, loamy soil and can also grow on heavy black soil. It provides significant amount of Dietary fiber, Calcium, Selenium, Iron, Magnesium and Manganese per 100 gm. Generally, organic matter is added to soil to increase its fertility and to improve the physical structure for increased agricultural production. Previously, many investigators have reported beneficial uses of organic matter due to the presence of plant growth nutrients. Cattle manure is a source of nitrogen which is a vital nutrient for the activity of coriander growth. It is a fraction of many components such as amino acids, nucleic acids and chlorophyll. The use of cattle manure has been reported as a potential factor for vegetative growth (Abou-Hussein et al., 2003 a; Abou-Hussein et al., 2003 b; Al-Moshileh and Motawei, 2005; Jayramaiah et al., 2005). The experiment was conducted in Western Kenya, Bungoma County in Kibabii university farm. The experiment was laid out in RCBD (Randomized complete block design) with experimental plots measuring 1.5 by 1.5m with a 0.5m path. The treatments were done in a single factor having four treatments and each treatment was replicated three times. Cow dung manure was applied at the rates of 0tons/ha, 5tons/ha, 10tons/ha and 15tons/ha. The rate of 0tons/ha was used as the control.
The study found out that cattle manure had significant effect on coriander growth and development, according to the parameters of this project which were positively affected by cow dung manure treatments. The rate of 15t/ha produced the best results in these project and was recommended for application during large scale production of coriander.
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is one of the most important spice and medicinal plants belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is also known as cilantro (American: cilantro).
It can be grown on a variety of soil and prefers light, well drained, moist, loamy soil and can also grow on heavy black soil (Bhat et al., 2014).
It provides significant amount of Dietary fiber, Calcium, Selenium, Iron, Magnesium and Manganese per 100 gm (Anonymous, 2013).
Organic fertilizer including poultry manure and cattle manure has been used for several decades ago. And the use of these manure before those inorganic fertilizer, which is the most recent development as compared to those of organic. These are environment friendly compared to inorganic (Akande et al., 2004).Especially, poultry manure supplies more Nitrogen and Phosphorus to the plants as compared to other organic fertilizer (Garg et al., 2008).
The cost of organic fertilizers is rising day by day and that’s the signal for the farmer to switch toward organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers enhance the soil fertility, soil structure, water holding capacity, physical and chemical properties, soil pH, microbial activity and also crop production in term of yield (Marschner, 2001; Walker et al., 2004; Clemente et al., 2006; Agbede et al., 2008 and Muhammad et al., 2009). It improves nutrient release at time of decomposition in soil. It also improves the physical properties such as bulk density, aeration and porosity of soil (Franken Berger et al., 2001). Organic fertilizer plays an important role in nutrient availability without having undesirable effect on the environment (Njoroge et al., 2006). Organic fertilizer enhances the vegetative and reproductive growth of the plant such as Plant height, shoots plant, number of leaves, fresh bio mass and dry bio mass (Nandekar et al. 2004; Said, 2002).Organic fertilizer enhances the availability of N, P, K and other essential nutrients which play an important role in growth and development of plant (Palm et al., 2001).
Organic manure has the ability to reduce the soil PH and enhance the electrical conductivity and nutrient absorption (Davamejad et al., 2002).
Many authors studied the effect of organic manure treatments on growth, yield, volatile oil and chemical composition of aromatic seed crops as Osman (2000) and Aly et al. (2007 a and b) on Coriandrum sativum; Abd Ellatif (2002) and Abd El-Naeem (2008) on Carum carvi; Badran and Safwat (2004); Mohamed and Abdou (2004) and Tanious (2008) on Foeniculum vulgare who demonstrated that organic fertilization treatments significantly increased vegetative growth traits, seed yield, volatile oil parameters, as well as, chemical constituents compared with control.
Cattle manures are the source of N and other nutrients for plants (such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium,, iron, zinc and copper) that can make valuable contributions to soil’s organic matter, can improve physical fertility, and are a center for biological activities (Khalid and Shafei, 2005; Najm et al., 2012).
Continuous use of mineral fertilizer in tropical soils is associated with reduced crop yield, increased soil acidity and nutrient imbalance. Use of organic materials is a better fertilizer management for these soils and the crops being planted. Inorganic fertilizers should be replenished every cultivation season because, the synthetic compounds of N, P and K fertilizer is rapidly lost by either evaporation or by leaching in drainage water and leads to dangerous environmental pollution. Continuous usage of organic fertilizer affects soil structure because it causes soil to clump, forming soil aggregate thus improving the soil structure, organic manure decompose to form humus which binds soil particles together thus improving the soil structure and its physical properties hence, organic manures can serve as alternative to mineral fertilizers for improving soil structure and improving crop yields.
Organic fertilizers affect the leaf growth, development and yield of coriander.
To investigate the effectiveness of cow dung manure in development and yield of coriander
H0: Cow dung manure has no effects on coriander development and final yield.
Coriander or dhania is an annual herb belonging to the family Apiaceae. Dhania is a key ingredient in many foods that’s why many Kenyan families always have this tasty herb in their kitchens. Seed rate for coriander production per acre is 5kg.Dhania starts to germinate 9-10 days after sowing. Coriander leaves are ready to harvest 30-35 days after sowing. According to Don’t Loss the Plot (DLTP) a television program produced by The Media Company whose productions include Shamba Shape Up, coriander produces around 2000kg/acre.
- Cilantro – has toothed leaves, also known as spiny coriander.
- Seed Coriander- this is grown for its seeds.
- Leaf Cilantro- Resembles parsley and has a strong and sharp smell.
- Vietnamese Coriander -has narrow smooth- edged and darker leaves.
Temperature
Coriander requires temperature range of 18-15[0]c to germinate and grow into plants. Coriander cannot withstand extreme temperatures, either too cold or too hot.
Soil
Coriander thrives in a well-drained loam and or sandy-loam soils with an optimal pH range of 6-8. The soil should be rich in organic matter.
Sunlight
During germination, coriander needs sunlight for only few hours daily. However, as they begin producing leaves, the crop requires 5-6 hours of sunlight.
Botanical name of coriander (dhania) is Coriandrum sativum.
It belongs to plant family Apiaceae. Below is given taxonomical classification of the plant.
Kingdom: Plantae – plants
Sub Kingdom: Tracheobionta -vascular plants.
Super Division: Spermatophyta – seed plants.
Division: Magnoliophyta – flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida – dicotyledons
Sub Class: Rosidae
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Coriandrum
Species: Coriandrum sativum
Manure is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Most manure consists of animal feces; other sources include compost and green manure. Manures contribute to the fertility of soil by adding organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen, which is utilized by bacteria, fungi, and other organisms in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the bacteria and fungi in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web.
Common forms of animal manure include farmyard manure or farm slurry. Farmyard manure also contains plant materials and has adsorbed the feces and urine. Agricultural manure in liquid form, known as slurry is produced by more intensive livestock rearing systems where concrete or slats are used instead of straw bedding. Cattle manure is a good source of nitrogen as well as organic carbon. Cow dung is an important source of nitrogen for crop production in the small holder sector. It helps farmers reduce inputs of commercial fertilizer, thereby increasing the profit margin of the farmer. Nutrients contained in organic manures are released more slowly and are stored for a longer time in the soil, thereby ensuring a long residual effect thus supporting better root development, leading to higher crop yields. Improvements of environmental conditions as well as public health are also important reasons for advocating increased use of organic materials. Maintenance of soil fertility is essential for optimum and sustained production.
Composting cow manure has several benefits. In addition to eliminating harmful ammonia gas and pathogens (like E. coli), as well as weed seeds, composted cow manure will add generous amounts of organic matter to your soil. By mixing this compost into the soil, you can improve its moisture-holding capacity. This allows you to water less frequently, as the roots of plants can use the additional water and nutrients when needed. Additionally, it will improve aeration, helping to break up compacted soils. Composited cow manure also contains beneficial bacteria, which convert nutrients into easily accessible forms so they can be slowly released without burning tender plant roots. Compositing cow manure also produces about a third less greenhouse gases making environment friendly.
Cattle manure is basically made up of digested grass and grain. Cow dung is high in organic materials and rich in nutrients. It contains about 3 percent nitrogen, 2 percent phosphorus, and 1 percent potassium (3-2-1 NPK). In addition, cow manure contains high levels of ammonia and potentially dangerous pathogens. For this reason, it’s usually recommended that it be aged or composted prior to its use as cow manure fertilizer.
Managing manure to optimize its economic returns and at the same time minimize its potential environmental impact is critical. All farmers in the state must manage their manure in compliance with the requirements of the Clean Streams Law. Concentrated animal operations also are required, under the more recent Nutrient Management Act, to have a formal, approved nutrient management plan. The main factors that must be considered when determining the amount of manure to apply to a field are the crop nitrogen (N) requirement, the manure history of the field, any fertilizer N that may be applied, the manure N content, and the availability of the manure N, as determined by the time of year and whether it is incorporated. Not all of the nutrients in manure are immediately available to the crop. The availability of manure nutrients depends upon the nutrient composition of the manure, method of manure application and weather conditions at the time of application.
Solid cattle manure is often applied to cropland in the form of surface broadcasting with a spreader, usually followed by an incorporation operation. Research has recently been conducted in western Canada on injecting solid cattle manure in bands. Although enhanced nutrient recovery was sometimes observed from in-soil versus surface placement of the solid cattle manure, the benefits were relatively limited. However, in-soil placement was noted to have a large and significant benefit on reducing odors, with an average reduction of 37% noted. Variable effects of in-soil placement on N and P exported in runoff have also been noted.
While different methods of application include solid or liquid spreaders, liquid injectors and irrigated systems, most beef cattle operations store solid manure and apply it with a solid spreader. Using soil and manure analysis, together with a calibrated spreader to apply composted manure at a rate to target crop yield goals, provides more accurate nutrient application and can reduce risk of over or under application.
Timing of application is important to reduce odours and potential runoff. While most provinces have guidelines for spring, summer and fall application, others have strict regulations that are enforced with fines. For example, Manitoba has strict winter spreading regulations that prohibit manure spreading between November 10 and April 10. Quebec requires that manure spreading occurs prior to October 1 and after March 31. Ontario also prohibits spreading manure on frozen ground, or ground with snow cover. Ensuring responsible management of manure protects water sources and the environment. Some provinces also regulate how quickly manure must be incorporated into the soil. In Alberta for example, manure applied to cultivated land must be incorporated within 48 hours of application. This reduces odours, potential run-off, and nutrient loss due to volatilization. High temperatures, moist soils followed by dry conditions, and high soil pH increase these losses.
Nitrogen deficiency – plant becomes chlorotic. Older leaves may fall off. Stunted growth is evident.
Phosphorous deficiency - leaves turn purplish and there’s production of poor-quality flowers. There is reduced plant vigor.
Potassium deficiency- Older leaves show interveinal chlorosis and marginal necrotic spots which progress inwards, even towards the younger leaves.
The coriander leaves contain 87.9% moisture,3.3% protein, 6.5% carbohydrates, 1.7% total ash, 0.14% calcium, 0.06% phosphorous,0.1% iron, 60mg/100g vitamin B2, 0.8mg/100g niacin, 135mg/100g vitamin C and 10,460 International unit (UI)/100g vitamin A. 100g of coriander seed contains nearly 11g of starch, 20g of fat, 11g of protein and nearly 30g of crude fiber (Peter, 2004).
The coriander seed contain 11.37 percent water,11.49 percent crude protein, 19.15 percent fat, 28.43 percent crude fiber, 10.53 percent starch,10.29 percent pentosanes, 1.92 percent sugar,4.98 percent mineral constituents, and 0.84 percent essential oil. The major compounds present in essential oil are linalool 67.7%, α-pinene 10.5%, ϒ-terpinene 9.0%, geranylacetate 4.0%, camphor 3.0% and geraniol 1.9%.
The aroma and flavor of coriander are attributable to essential oil present in oil glands in the mericarp (Diederichsen, 2003). Coriander also posses’ antimicrobial properties against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms, indicating that it may be useful as a disinfectant (Deans and Ritchie, 2000; Meena and Sethi, 2008; Elgayyar et al., 2001).
Coriander has been used in medicine for thousands of years (Mathias, 2000). Various parts of this plant such as leaves, flower, seeds and fruits, possess antioxidant activity, diuretic, anti-diuretic, sedative, anti-convulsing activity, hypnotic activity and anthelmintic activity and anti- mutagenic (Pathak et al.,2011; Rajeshwari and Andallu, 2011).
Coriander oil is used to wrap the taste or correct the nauseating or griping qualities of other medicine. Coriander is also used as aromatherapy (Cooksley, 2003). In folk medicine, coriander finds use in opposition to intestinal parasites, anti-inflammatory and as part of embrocation for joint pain and rheumatism (Witchtl, 2010). For pharmaceuticals preparation oil is principally used as flavoring agent (Leung and Foster, 2005). Before coriander oil also has bactericidal and fungicidal properties, it is used as carminative, stomachic and spasmolytic. It is used for diarrhea, sub-acid gastritis and dyspepsia of diverse genesis as well as for its stomachic, digestive stimulation and anti-bilious properties (Platel and Srinivasan,2004 ). Coriander has been reported to own strong lipolytic activity (Leung and Foster, 2005).
Although coriander is consumed in an unprocessed form; however, its good quantity is also being processed to facilitate the international trade, profitability and palatability. Harvesting is the primary process of collecting the crop and should be done at optimum time period to ensure production of plant material and the best quality of finished spice product (Douglas et al., 2005). It matures in two to three months after sowing. Its smaller-seed requires a longer growing period of approximately 120 days. Depending upon the end use, it can either be harvested green or left to ripe until fruits turn brown.
Green coriander fruits have sharper and more pronounced flavor than ripe seeds. Mature brown seeds can be used and ground to form powder. Seed heads are cut along with certain inches of stalk or plant may be pulled out with roots and hang in bags upside down, when seeds are fully dry these tend to detach from stalk, collected and stored in cool, dry location or ground to obtain a fine powder. In order to remove field heat and prolong shelf life after harvesting, it is necessary to pre-cool harvested coriander before transportation. This can be done by vacuum cooling.
Coriander may sometimes be irradiated to reduce microbial load before consumption. Irradiation dose of 0.5kGy of gamma radiations results in reducing aerobic mesophilic count to 99.9%, while the initial total coliform bacteria decreases from 871000 cfu/g to less than 100 (Cruz-Zaragoza et al., 2011).
Its seeds after drying may be stored as whole or infused to make delicious vinegar. After harvesting, leaves are properly washed and kept in shade for drying. Drying is followed by powdering in disintegrator and micro pulverizer. Its ground powder is used as a spice in blends. Ground coriander loses flavor quickly when stored. This disintegrated product is then standardized, packed and finally distributed.
Ripe seeds of coriander may be sometimes processed to obtain essential oil. The oil is mainly obtained by steam distillation, super critical CO2 extraction. Its oil has a characteristic odor of linalool and warm aromatic flavor. This oil is approved for food use by FDA (Food and Drug Administration), FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act) and council of Europe (Silva et al., 2011). In order to preserve the warm aromatic flavor and prevent nutrient loss up to end use, this oil is encapsulated mainly in alginates or chitosan’s. Its leaves may also be processed to form various products like purees and pastes which are tremendously used nowadays in fast food industries.
The experiment was conducted in Western Kenya, Bungoma County in Kibabii university farm. The area is located at an altitude of 1379m above the sea level with delineation of 0.56⁰ latitude and 34.56⁰ longitudes. It receives rainy season with average from 1200mm to 1800mm per annum. The average temperature ranges between 15-20⁰C and 22-30⁰C.
Each plot measured 1.5 by 1.5m and a path of 0.5m between the plots. Spacing between rows was 30 cm and 15cm between the plants. Each plot contained 5 rows and each row had 10 plants which summed up to 150 plants per plot.
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
Soil samples were collected randomly from the entire field area by traversing the field in a zig-zag pattern. Soil auger was used to collect the samples and placing them in clean trays. Samples were not taken from- recently fertilized plots, bunds, channels, marshy areas, under trees and in compost piles. The soil samples were dried and then analyzed in the laboratory.
A tape was used to demarcate the experimental plot and a Jembe was used to mark the corner points of the plot and also in the preparation of land. A garden twine was used to mark the points where furrows for sowing were to be made. Certified coriander seeds were sourced from Agro vet and cow manure was applied on the plots at different rates that is 0 t/ha, 5 t/ha, 10 t/ha and 15 t/ha.
The experiment was laid out in RCBD (Randomized complete block design) with experimental plots measuring 1.5 by 1.5m with a 0.5m path. The treatments were done in a single factor having four treatments and each treatment was replicated in three times. Cow dung manure was applied at the rates of 0 t/ha, 5 t/ha, 10 t/ha and 15 t/ha. The rate of 0tons/ha was used as the control.
Data was collected on the inner row plants leaving out the outer row plants. In each plot in the inner rows five plants were sampled and data on the parameters of interest was collected from those plants. The type of data collected included, plant height in centimeters, leaf length and leaf width in cm, fresh weight and dry weight in grams which was collected after harvesting.
Data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level using GENSTAT computer software version 14. Mean separation was done using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 95% LSD.
Yij= µ+Ti+Bj+TBij+e
Yij- any observation for which,
i-Is the treatment factor
j- Is the blocking factor
Ti- the effect of being in treatment
Bj- effect of being in block j
TBij- intersection between treatment and blocking effect
Eij- error
Table 1: Analysis of variance for variate: PERCENTAGE GERMINATION
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
* significant effect at (p≤0.05)
Analysis of variance showed that cow dung manure had no significant effect (p≤ 0.05) on the percentage germination of coriander (Table 1).
Table 2: Table of means on percentage germination under treatment effect
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
The rate of cow dung manure (10t/ha) showed the highest percentage germination of coriander. (Table 2).
Table 3: Analysis of variance for variate: NO OF PLANTS PER PLOT
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
* significant effect at (p≤0.05
Treatments had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the number of coriander plants per plot. (Table 3).
Table 4: Means for number of plants per plot
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
Plots treated with rates of (15t/ha) recorded the highest number of plants and the lowest number of plants was recorded in the control experiments of (0t/ha). (Table 4).
Table 5: Analysis of variance for variate: PERCENTAGE DISEASE INCIDENCE
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
Treatment with cow dung manure had no significant effect (p≤0.05) on the percentage disease incidence. (Table 5).
Table 6: Table of means on percentage disease incidence under treatment effect
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
Percentage disease incidence was high in the (0t/ha) plots and low in the plots treated with (10t/ha) (Table 6).
Table 7: Analysis of variance of variate: HEIGHT OF PLANTS WEEK 1
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
* Significant effect at (p≤0.05)
Treatment with cow dung had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the height of coriander one week after germination which was taken in cm. (Table 7).
Table 8: Means for height of plants week 1
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
Coriander planted with (0t/ha) which was the control recorded the least plant heights in week one. Cow dung manure at the rate of (10t/ha) produced the highest plant of coriander in week one. (Table 8).
Table 9: Analysis of variance of variate: HEIGHTS OF PLANTS WEEK 2
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
* Significant effect at (p≤0.05)
Cow dung manure application had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the plant heights of coriander in week two. (Table 9).
Table 10: Means for height of plants week 2
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
Rate (0t/ha) recorded the lowest height of coriander growth in week two. Cow dung manure applied at the rate of (15t/ha) recorded the highest height of plants in week two.
The grand mean fro week two was 7.775. (Table 10).
Table 11: Analysis of variance for variate: HEIGHT OF PLANTS WEEK 3
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
* Significant effect at (p≤0.05)
Treatments had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the height of plants in week three. (Table 11).
Table 12: Means for height of plants week 3
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
Treatment with the rate of (0t/ha) recorded the lowest height of coriander plants in week three.
Treatment with the rate of (15t/ha) recorded the highest height of plants in week three. Grand mean for week three was 12.15. (Table 12).
Table 13: Analysis of variance for variate: HEIGHT OF PLANTS WEEK 4
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
* Significant effect at (p≤0.05)
Treatments in week four had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the height of coriander plants. (Table 13).
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