Private Company Limited by Shares

Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)

• ABBREVIATIONS.
• 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1. PURPOSE OF STUDY.
  • 1.2. SCOPE OF THE OBJECT OF INVESTIGATION.
  • 1.3. OUTLINE OF THE STUDY
• 2. FUNDAMENTALS.
  • 2.1. INSTRUMENTS FOR THE EXECUTION OF INTERNATIONAL TAX COMPARISON.
    • 2.1.1. PREFACE
    • 2.1.2. QUALITATIVE METHODS OF INVESTIGATION.
      • 2.1.2.1. COMPARISON OF LEGAL RULES
    • 2.1.3. QUANTITATIVE METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
      • 2.1.3.1. CASUISTIC SIMULATION OF ASSESSMENT
      • 2.1.3.2. COMPARISON OF TAX RATES.
      • 2.1.3.3. ANALYSIS OF EMPIRICAL DATA.
      • 2.1.3.4. EFFECTIVE TAX RATES
    • 2.1.4. CHOICE OF A PARTICULAR INVESTIGATION METHOD
  • 2.2. THE TAX SYSTEM AND INFLUENCES OF TAXATION
    • 2.2.1. PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION.
    • 2.2.2. SOURCES OF THE TAX LAW
    • 2.2.3. GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRACTICES.
    • 2.2.4. OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE OF THE COMMERCIAL AND THE TAX BALANCE SHEET
  • 2.3. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CORPORATION TAX.
    • 2.3.1. PERSONAL TAX LIABILITY
    • 2.3.2. BASIS OF ASSESSMENT FOR THE CORPORATION TAX.
      • 2.3.2.1. ADJUSTING THE ACCOUNTING PROFIT AND VALIDITY OF THE AUTHORITATIVE PRINCIPLE..
      • 2.3.2.2. SCHEME FOR THE CORPORATION TAX COMPUTATION.
    • 2.3.3. PERIOD OF DETERMINING INCOME FROM TRADE
  • 2.4. FURTHER PROCEEDING
• 3. COMPARISON OF CORPORATION TAX ASSESSMENT BASES I: BALANCE SHEET ITEMS
  • 3.1. PREFACE
  • 3.2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AS CORE ELEMENT FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INCOME.
    • 3.2.1. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
    • 3.2.2. QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
  • 3.3. GENERAL TREATMENT OF BALANCE SHEET ITEMS.
    • 3.3.1. RECOGNITION CRITERIA
    • 3.3.2. VALUE MEASURES
  • 3.4. ASSETS SIDE
    • 3.4.1. INTANGIBLE ASSETS (NON-CURRENT)
      • 3.4.1.1. DEFINITION..
      • 3.4.1.2. RECOGNITION.
      • 3.4.1.3. MEASUREMENT.
      • 3.4.1.4. EXCURSUS: DISPOSALS..
      • 3.4.1.5. MAJOR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES.
    • 3.4.2. TANGIBLE ASSETS.
      • 3.4.2.1. PREFACE.
      • 3.4.2.2. PROPERTY
        • 3.4.2.2.1. DEFINITIONS.
        • 3.4.2.2.2. RECOGNITION.
        • 3.4.2.2.3. MEASUREMENT.
        • 3.4.2.2.4. EXCURSUS: DISPOSAL
        • 3.4.2.2.5. MAJOR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
      • 3.4.2.3. MACHINERY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT.
        • 3.4.2.3.1. DEFINITON.
        • 3.4.2.3.2. RECOGNITION.
        • 3.4.2.3.3. MEASUREMENT.
        • 3.4.2.3.4. EXCURSUS: DISPOSAL.
        • 3.4.2.3.5. MAJOR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
      • 3.4.3. INVESTMENTS IN SECURITIES
        • 3.4.3.1. DEFINITION..
        • 3.4.3.2. RECOGNITION.
        • 3.4.3.3. MEASUREMENT.
        • 3.4.3.4. EXCURSUS: DISPOSAL
        • 3.4.3.5. MAJOR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES.
      • 3.4.4. TRADING STOCK (INVENTORIES)..
        • 3.4.4.1. DEFINITION.
        • 3.4.4.2. RECOGNITION AND MEASUREMENT.
        • 3.4.4.3. SELLING AND PROCESSING..
        • 3.4.4.4. MAJOR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES.
      • 3.4.5. TRADE RECEIVABLES.
        • 3.4.5.1. DEFINITION.
        • 3.4.5.2. RECOGNITION.
        • 3.4.5.3. MEASUREMENT.
        • 3.4.5.4. MAJOR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES.
    • 3.5. LIABILITIES SIDE.
      • 3.5.1. PROVISIONS
        • 3.5.1.1. DEFINITION.
        • 3.5.1.2. RECOGNITION AND MEASUREMENT
        • 3.5.1.3. MAJOR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES.
      • 3.5.2. LIABILITIES.
        • 3.5.2.1. DEFINITION.
        • 3.5.2.2. RECOGNITION AND MEASUREMENT.
        • 3.5.2.3. MAJOR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES.
  • 4. COMPARISON OF CORPORATION TAX ASSESSMENT BASES II: ITEMS OF INCOME STATEMENT
    • 4.1. PREFACE
    • 4.2. REVENUES.
      • 4.2.1. GENERAL TREATMENT OF REVENUES
      • 4.2.2. REVENUE INCOME.
      • 4.2.3. OTHER OPERATING INCOME
      • 4.2.4. INCOME FROM FINANCIALS AND INVESTMENTS
      • 4.2.5. CHANGE IN INVENTORY/CAPITALISED SERVICES.
      • 4.2.6. EXCURSUS: CHARGEABLE GAINS.
    • 4.3. DEDUCTIONS.
      • 4.3.1. GENERAL TREATMENT OF DEDUCTIONS.
      • 4.3.2. EXPENDITURE OF PURCHASED GOODS, RAW MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES ....
      • 4.3.3. PERSONNEL EXPENDITURES
      • 4.3.4. DEPRECIATION/CAPITAL ALLOWANCES...
      • 4.3.5. OTHER OPERATING EXPENDITURES
      • 4.3.6. EXPENDITURE FROM FINANCIALS AND INVESTMENTS
      • 4.3.7. DIRECT TAX
      • 4.3.8. OTHERS: EXPLICIT NON-DEDUCTIBLE OR RESTRICTED EXPENDITURES.
      • 4.3.9. CHARGES ON INCOME (DONATIONS).
    • 4.4. EXCURSUS: TREATMENT OF LOSSES.
  • 5. COMPUTATION OF TAX LIABILITIES.
    • 5.1. CORPORATION TAX.
      • 5.1.1. PREFACE
      • 5.1.2. TAX RATES
      • 5.1.3. TRADE TAX (ONLY IN GERMANY).
    • 5.2. SPECIAL TAX RELIEFS.
      • 5.2.1. PERSONAL TAX LIABILITY
      • 5.2.2. MODIFICATION OF TAX ASSESSMENT BASE.
      • 5.2.3. SPECIAL FEATURES OF DETERMININING TRADING PROFIT.
        • 5.2.3.1. ADDITIONS
        • 5.2.3.2. REDUCTIONS TO TAXABLE BASIS.
      • 5.2.4. CALCULATION OF TRADE TAX.
      • 5.2.5. EXCURSUS: TREATMENT OF LOSSES
  • 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION IN TERMS OF THESES.
    • 6.1. PREFACE
    • 6.2. BALANCE SHEET ITEMS
    • 6.3. ITEMS OF THE INCOME STATEMENT
    • 6.4. TAX RATES.
    • 6.5. FINAL WORD..
  • ANNEX
  • LIST OF LITERATURE
  • LIST OF LEGAL SOURCES.

  Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)

  This study analyzes the tax accounting rules for private limited companies by shares in the United Kingdom and Germany. The primary objective is to compare and contrast the tax rules in both countries, examining the differences and similarities in accounting principles and tax regulations. Key themes explored include: * **Conceptual framework for determining taxable income:** This covers the core principles and assumptions underlying accounting practices in each country. * **Balance sheet items:** The study delves into the treatment of assets and liabilities, including intangible assets, tangible assets, investments, inventories, and provisions. * **Income statement items:** The analysis focuses on the determination of revenue and deductions, including revenue income, other operating income, financial income, expenses, and depreciation. * **Tax rates and reliefs:** The work examines the various tax rates and special tax reliefs applicable to private limited companies in the UK and Germany. * **Treatment of losses:** The study explores how losses are handled for tax purposes in both jurisdictions.

  Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)

  • Chapter 1: Introduction This introductory chapter outlines the purpose and scope of the study. It provides a brief overview of the subject matter and explains the research methodology used.
  • Chapter 2: Fundamentals This chapter lays the groundwork for the comparative analysis by discussing general concepts and principles related to international tax comparison, tax systems, and accounting practices. It also introduces the specific instruments and methods employed in the study, including both qualitative and quantitative approaches.
  • Chapter 3: Comparison of Corporation Tax Assessment Bases I: Balance Sheet Items This chapter dives into the balance sheet items, exploring the conceptual framework, recognition criteria, and value measures for assets and liabilities. Specific areas of focus include intangible assets, tangible assets, investments, inventories, trade receivables, provisions, and liabilities.
  • Chapter 4: Comparison of Corporation Tax Assessment Bases II: Items of Income Statement Chapter 4 analyzes the income statement items, examining the general treatment of revenues and deductions. The chapter delves into specific categories such as revenue income, operating income, financial income, expenditure on goods and materials, personnel expenditures, depreciation, and other operating expenditures.
  • Chapter 5: Computation of Tax Liabilities Chapter 5 focuses on the computation of tax liabilities, including the specific corporation tax rates and special tax reliefs available in both countries. The chapter also discusses the trade tax applicable in Germany.

  Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)

  This study focuses on the tax accounting rules for private limited companies by shares, particularly in the United Kingdom and Germany. Key terms and concepts include: corporation tax, accounting principles, tax regulations, balance sheet, income statement, assets, liabilities, revenues, deductions, tax rates, tax reliefs, and loss treatment.

  Frequently Asked Questions

  What is the main objective of this study?

  The study compares the tax accounting rules and corporation tax assessment bases for private limited companies in the United Kingdom and Germany.

  How are balance sheet items compared?

  The study examines recognition criteria, value measures, and specific items like intangible assets, tangible assets, inventories, and provisions in both jurisdictions.

  What is the "authoritative principle" mentioned in the text?

  It refers to the extent to which tax regulations follow commercial accounting regulations for determining taxable income.

  Does the study cover trade tax?

  Yes, it specifically analyzes the German trade tax (Gewerbesteuer) as a unique feature compared to the UK tax system.

  How are tax losses treated in the comparison?

  The study includes an analysis of how tax losses are handled and carried forward in both the United Kingdom and Germany.

  What investigation methods are used?

  The work employs both qualitative investigation (legal rule comparison) and quantitative methods (tax rate comparison and simulation).