Masterarbeit, 2022
62 Seiten, Note: B
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Research focus
1.3. Aims and objectives
1.4. Research overview
2. Literature Review
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The history of high-rise residential real estate
2.3. Distinction between high-rise and high-density
2.4. Economic factors of high-rise residential real estate
2.4.1. Construction costs: the correlation between construction costs and height
2.4.2. Maintenance and operational costs
2.5. Inadequate consideration for the needs of the local population
2.6. Liveability and Vancouverism
2.7. The role of government policies and regulations
2.8. Conclusion
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Methodology
3.3. Data Analysis
3.4. Data Collection
4. Analysis
4.1. Introduction
4.2. City of Vancouver, British Columbia
4.2.1. Basic information
4.2.2. Demographics
4.2.3. Economy
4.2.4. The housing market of Vancouver
4.2.5. Housing Vancouver Strategy
4.2.6. Vancouver’s building policies and regulations
4.3. Findings
4.3.1. Introduction
4.3.2. New housing constructions in Vancouver
4.3.3. Affordability
4.3.5. Suitability
4.3.5. Liveability
5. Conclusion
5.1. Summary of findings
5.2. Limitations
5.3. Recommendations
5.4. Personal reflection on high-rise residential real estate
The primary research goal is to evaluate whether high-rise residential real estate can effectively address housing shortages by increasing supply while remaining affordable and suitable for the local population. The study focuses on balancing real estate development with government policy to avoid negative urban outcomes.
2.4.1. Construction costs: the correlation between construction costs and height
There are constraints when analysing the construction costs of any real estate, whether low-, medium- or high-rise, because all real estate (land and property) is unique in terms of size, location, on-site specifics, interiors or exteriors. Nevertheless, some observations have been made over the last decades regarding the correlation between construction costs and height.
Early research concluded that two-storey buildings are the cheapest to build (Nisbet, 1961). Bathurst and Butler (1980) postulated that the cost of a building (per sqm) increases with additional storeys. The general assumption was that there is a linear relationship between height and cost, known as the ‘linear relationship theory’ (Picken and Ilozor, 2015). Flanagan and Norman (1978) were among the early researchers who questioned the linear relationship theory and identified four categories of cost (per sqm) regarding the construction of residential real estate in connection with height.
1. Costs that fall as height increases (e.g. roof)
2. Costs that rise as height increases (e.g. lifts)
3. Costs that do not change with height (e.g. floor finishes and internal doors)
4. Costs that will fall initially, but rise when height increases (e.g. external cladding)
Flanagan and Norman (1978) postulated the theory of a U-shaped curve and compared their model with available UK data. The comparison confirmed their theory. Initially, the overall costs will fall, but factors such as height will cause them to rise at some point. In the study, the rise usually began after five or six storeys.
1. Introduction: Introduces the global housing shortage context and defines the research scope regarding high-rise residential buildings.
2. Literature Review: Synthesizes existing research on the historical context, economic principles, and liveability factors associated with high-rise developments.
3. Research Methodology: Details the choice of a case study approach, focusing on 15 specific developments in Vancouver to verify theoretical assumptions.
4. Analysis: Examines specific Vancouver housing market data, building policies, and criteria like affordability and suitability for the local population.
5. Conclusion: Summarizes that while high-rise development can address housing shortages, it requires strict government policies to ensure it remains inclusive and avoids gentrification.
High-rise, residential real estate, affordability, housing shortage, Vancouver, urban planning, sustainability, liveability, construction costs, government policy, housing market, gentrification, density, strata units, speculative investment
The research investigates how high-rise residential real estate can alleviate global housing shortages while addressing potential issues like high construction costs and gentrification.
The study centers on urban planning, the economics of vertical residential construction, government housing strategies, and the demographic needs of urban populations.
The goal is to analyze whether current high-rise developments in Vancouver effectively meet the needs of the local population in terms of supply, affordability, and suitability.
The research uses a qualitative case study approach, evaluating 15 specific developments in Vancouver to compare theoretical models against empirical data.
The main section covers the history of high-rise building, economic factors of construction and maintenance, the role of government regulations, and a critical analysis of Vancouver’s housing market.
The work is characterized by terms such as high-rise, affordability, housing strategy, urban planning, Vancouverism, and sustainable development.
Vancouver serves as a case study due to its extensive high-rise history and its proactive (though struggling) efforts to maintain affordability through specific policies like the Empty Homes Tax.
The author concludes that while amenities like gyms and wine tasting rooms are attractive, they contribute to higher maintenance fees and premiums, potentially alienating parts of the lower-income population.
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