Formation and Properties of Magnetic Biochar

Obinnaya Chikezie Victor, Nwosu

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Formation and Properties of Magnetic Biochar

Masterarbeit, 2011
103 Seiten, Note: 3.32/4

Geowissenschaften / Geographie - Phys. Geogr., Geomorphologie, Umweltforschung

Leseprobe

TABLES OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Graphs

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE
1.0. General introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Literature
1.2.1 Explanation of Biochar
1.2.2 Explanation of Biochar Production
1.2.3 Current and Potential future uses of Biochar
1.2.4 Explanation of Magnetic Biochar
1.3 Project aim and objectives

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Methodology
2.1 Experimental Procedure
2.2 Sample Characterisation
2.3 Adsorption Experiment

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Results and discussion
3.1 Characterisation of Samples
3.2 Adsorption analysis of 40ppm of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate With 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar
3.3 Adsorption analysis of 60ppm of Copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 1.0 M, 0.1 M Iron solution magnetic biochar and Activated charcoal nitrot
3.4 Adsorption analysis of 3.0ppm of Copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 1.0 M, 0.1 M Iron solution magnetic biochar and Activated nitrot

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Work
4.1 Conclusion
4.2 Suggestions for Further Work

REFERENCES

DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to the Almighty God for his grace and goodness, which have greatly been bestowed on me.

I also want to dedicate this thesis to my parents, especially my Dad for his assistance reading through this work.

This thesis is also dedicated to my Late Grandparents, Mazi Nwichi David Nwosu and Mrs Rosanah Ada Chiledo Nwichi of Blessed Memories. May their gentle souls rest in the bosom of our Lord Jesus Christ, Amen.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I thank the Almighty God, the author of life, who gives life and sustenance to all.

I wish to acknowledge the unrelenting efforts of my supervisor, Dr. Chris Ennis for his assistance throughout the course of this work. Also, I will not fail to thank the staff of Teesside University Environmental and Chemistry Laboratory at the Middlesbrough tower building for their assistance.

This work would not be complete without mentioning the efforts put by all lecturers in Environmental technology Department throughout my stay at Teesside University, Middlesbrough. Finally, I thank my project partner; Sami Ali, my friends and Siblings, I say “thank you all”.

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1.0 SRC Willow

Fig 2.0 Carbolite Electric Tube

Fig 3.0 1.0 M iron (II) chloride standard solution

Fig 4.0 1.0 M iron (III) chloride standard solution

Fig 5.0 0.1 M iron (II) chloride standard solution

Fig 6.0 0.1 M iron (III) chloride standard solution

Fig 7.0 Weighing of iron (II) chloride and iron (III) chloride solutes

Fig 8.0 Filtering process of 1.0 M iron solution SRC Willow

Fig 9.0 Dried 1.0 M iron solution SRC Willow

Fig 10 Dried 0.1 M iron solution SRC Willow

Fig 11 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar made at 400 degrees celsius

Fig 12 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar made at 400 degrees celsius

Fig 13 FTIR spectrometry on magnetic biochar

Fig 14 Hitachi S-3400N Scanning Electron Microscope

Fig 15 Schematic Diagram of X-ray Diffractor

Fig 16 U V/VIS Spectrometry digital graph of iron solutions

Fig 17 Electron image of magnetic biochar

Fig 18 Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis of magnetic biochar

Fig 19 Concentrations of iron (II) chloride standard solutions

Fig 20 Concentrations of iron (III) chloride standard solutions

Fig 21 Filtering of activated charcoal from 1ml of deionised water

Fig 22 The samples on a Stuart roller mixer machine

Fig 23 Sixteen samples on a Stuart roller mixer machine

Fig 24 Atomic absorption spectrometry of sixteen samples

Fig 25 JASCO V-630 U V/VIS Spectrophotometer

Fig 26 JASCO V-630 U V/VIS Spectrophotometer with cuvettes

Fig 27 Fixed wavelength readings for concentrations of copper solutions

Fig 28 2000ppm of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate in 2% nitric acid

Fig 29 The six concentration of copper sulphate standard solutions with 1ml rubber pipettes

Fig 30 A canister of 5M sodium hydroxide

Fig 32 FTIR spectra analysis for 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar

Fig 33 FTIR spectra analysis for 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar

Fig 34 A bar chart of weight, atomic and compound against element for 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar

Fig 35 Scanning Electron Microscopy image and spectrum for 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar

Fig 36 A bar chart of weight, atomic and compound composition against element for 0.1 m iron solution magnetic biochar

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Concentrations of iron (II) chloride solutions and its absorbance values

Table 2 Concentrations of iron (III) chloride solutions and its absorbance values from U V/VIS spectrometry analysis

Table 3 Concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate in 2% Nitric acid standard solution and its absorbance repeated and average values from spectra measurement method from JASCO V-630 U V/VIS spectrophotometer

Table 4 Concentrations of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate and its absorbance values using Atomic absorption spectrometer

Table 5 Concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate in 2% Nitric acid standard solution and its absorbance repeated and average values from fixed wavelength measurement method from JASCO V-630 U V/VIS spectrophotometer

Table 6 Elemental compositions for 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar

Table 7 Elemental compositions for 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar

Table 8 Three samples with repeated readings of absorbance values using fixed wavelength measurement

Table 9 Three samples with repeated readings of absorbance values using spectra measurement

Table 10 Concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate in 2% Nitric acid standard solution and its absorbance repeated and average values from spectra measurement method from JASCO V-630 U V/VIS spectrophotometer

Table 11 The eight samples of 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution, with deionised water, deionised water only and 60ppm of copper sulphate solution only with its absorbance 1st readings values

Table 12 The eight samples of 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution, with deionised water, deionised water only and 60ppm of copper sulphate solution only with its absorbance 2nd readings values

Table 13 The eight samples of 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution, with deionised water, deionised water only and 60ppm of copper sulphate solution only with its absorbance 3rd readings values

Table 14 The eight samples of 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution, with deionised water, deionised water only and 60ppm of copper sulphate solution only with its absorbance average readings values

Table 15 The four samples of 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 1st reading values

Table 16 The four samples of 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 2nd reading values

Table 17 The four samples of 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 3rd reading values

Table 18 The four samples of 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance average reading values

Table 19 The four samples of activated charcoal with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 1st reading values for spectra measurement

Table 20 The four samples of activated charcoal with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 2nd reading values for spectra measurement

Table 21 The four samples of activated charcoal with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 3rd reading values for spectra measurement

Table 22 The four samples of activated charcoal with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance average reading values spectra measurement

Table 23 The eight samples of 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution, with deionised water, deionised water only and 60ppm of copper sulphate solution only with its absorbance 1st readings values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 24 The eight samples of 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution, with deionised water, deionised water only and 60ppm of copper sulphate solution only with its absorbance 2nd readings values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 25 The eight samples of 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution, with deionised water, deionised water only and 60ppm of copper sulphate solution only with its absorbance 3rd readings values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 26 The eight samples of 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution, with deionised water, deionised water only and 60ppm of copper sulphate solution only with its absorbance average readings values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 27 The four samples of 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 1st reading values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 28 The four samples of 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 2nd reading values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 29 The four samples of 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 3rd reading values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 30 The four samples of 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance average reading values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 31 The four samples of activated charcoal with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 1st reading values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 32 The four samples of activated charcoal with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 2nd reading values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 33 The four samples of activated charcoal with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance 3rd reading values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 34 The four samples of activated charcoal with 60ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its absorbance average reading values for fixed wavelength measurement

Table 35 The eight samples of 3mg of 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 3.0ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its signal absorbance reading values and concentrations

Table 36 The four samples of 2mg of 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar with 3.0ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its signal absorbance reading values and concentrations

Table 37 The four samples of 2mg of activated charcoal with 3.0ppm of copper sulphate solution and with deionised water and its signal absorbance reading values and concentrations

Table 38 Concentrations of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate in 2% Nitric acid standard solution and its signal absorbance values from Atomic absorption spectrometer

LIST OF GRAPHS

Graph1 A calibration graph of absorbance against concentration for iron (II) chloride solution

Graph 2 A calibration graph of absorbance against concentration for iron (III) chloride solution

Graph 3 A calibration graph of absorbance (1st readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for spectra measurement

Graph 4 A calibration graph of absorbance (2nd readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for spectra measurement

Graph 5 A calibration graph of absorbance (average readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for spectra measurement

Graph 6 A calibration graph of absorbance (average readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for spectra measurement

Graph 7 A calibration graph of absorbance against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions using Atomic absorption spectrometer

Graph 8 A calibration graph of absorbance (1st readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for fixed wavelength measurement

Graph 9 A calibration graph of absorbance (2nd readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for fixed wavelength measurement

Graph 10 A calibration graph of absorbance (3rd readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for fixed wavelength measurement

Graph 11 A calibration graph of absorbance (average readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for fixed wavelength measurement

Graph 12 X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar

Graph 13 A calibration graph of absorbance (1st readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for spectra measurement

Graph 14 A calibration graph of absorbance (2nd readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for spectra measurement

Graph 15 A calibration graph of absorbance (3rd readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for spectra measurement

Graph 16 A calibration graph of absorbance (average readings) against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for spectra measurement

Graph 17 A calibration graph of absorbance against concentration of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate with 2% Nitric acid standard solutions for AAS analysis

ABSTRACT

Magnetic biochar which is made from agricultural biomass waste such as SRC willow which is a densely planted, increased yielding form of energy crop which is the leading sources in renewable energy production, mixed with iron (II) chloride and iron (III) chloride is known as a multi-dynamic material for land remediation and agricultural uses. Two magnetic biochars (1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar and 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar) were prepared by the chemical mixture and co-precipitation of iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate and iron (III) chloride on SRC willow with particle size of less than 2mm and the mixture of SRC willow with iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate and iron (III) chloride is dried in the oven and subsequently pyrolysed at a temperature of four hundred degrees celsius which led in iron solution magnetic biochar preparation. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were done on the 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar and 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar depicts a large amount of iron compounds in the 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar than in the 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar. Ultraviolent infrared spectrometry done on iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate, iron (III) chloride and copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate; atomic absorption spectroscopy and ultra-violent spectrometry was done on copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate and deionised water mixed with 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar, 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar and activated charcoal nitrot. For copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate solution, 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar has a higher adsorption capacity than the 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar for Atomic absorption spectroscopy. For ultra-violent infrared spectrometry, the adsorption capacity for 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar is higher than the 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar. These shows that the 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar and 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar are potential adsorbents use for the removal of metallic toxins such as copper and land remediation

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

This project focuses on the formation and properties of magnetic biochar which is use for land remediation from metallic toxins and pollutants.

Magnetic Biochar is a biocoal or charcoal which has the same appearance of potting soil, mixed with iron solution which is created under the influence of maximum temperature conditions using organic waste and it is used to store huge quantities of carbon from the atmosphere into the soil (Bracmort, 2009). It is also charcoal at its stable from which is made from the application of heat to organic material mixed with a magnetic material at maximum temperature in the presence of low or no oxygen process which is called pyrolysis. The biochar production from pyrolysis creates syngas which is a synthetic gas that has varieties of gases that is captured and use to make energy (Krull). Carbon cycle and Climate change are the processes in which carbon migrates between the Earth's systems which depict how carbon and change of weather is functioned in the earth systems and how it is transported from one form to another. Also, it is the carbon flow through the carbon cycle that depicts the regulation of weather change and greenhouse gases through the function process of the earth's biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere (Bennington, 2009). This thesis is to produce a magnetic biochar through chemical co-precipitation and pyrolysis at dissimilar febricities and characterize the physical, chemical differences and formation of magnetic biochar through Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and transmission or scanning electron microscopy, Sorption experiment was done with Copper sulphate to determine the Adsorption analysis of the magnetic biochar. This magnetic biochar production will be used for absorption and remediation from metallic toxins and pollutants from soils.

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

1.2.1 EXPLANATION OF BIOCHAR

Magnetic biochar is a recently new in the research line which has been divided into four broad parts to this thesis: the explanation of biochar and why it is interesting, explanation of how biochar is produced, current and potential future uses of biochar and the why magnetic biochar is interesting and the science behind it .

Biochar is a new substance which is found in soils around the globe which is due to deposition by environmental events which are high in areas, west of the Mississippi River and by the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains which most of the productive fertile soils in the world are located. Historically, biochar usage goes way back to two thousand years, in the Amazon basin there is evidence that biochar is found in fertile soils which is known as “Terra Preta and Terra Mulata” which means “Dark Soil” in Portuguese was made by ancient amazon cultures and because of the huge quantities of biochar which was found in soils, the area is still very much fertile due to the increase rate of leaching due to rains. Also in Asian regions of the world, biochar use in agricultural processes has an ancient history which recently as created favourable farming systems and techniques (Hunt, et al., 2010). Laboratory analyses of the “Terra Preta” have shown elevated concentrated quantities of organic materials and biocoal such as remains of animals and plants, its high level of productivity is its favourable retention of nutrients and good pH for soils that are acidic and these “dark soils” are found in places of human settlement which was created by ancient techniques of slash- and-char which involves removal of vegetation within a small area and setting it on fire, allowing the refuse to smoulder and mix with biomass, buried under the dirt which the smouldering char forms the “Terra Preta” (Talberg, 2009). The Terra Preta is known for its elevated biocoal or charcoal content, which is a combination of organic matter, charcoal, animal droppings to the unproductive soils in the Amazon for a period of years. This helps to facilitate elevated increase in micro-organism events which is necessary for vegetation growth and reduce leaching of soil nutrients which is a serious problem for tropical rainforest. Soil studies have shown that the Terra Preta period goes back to about 450 BC which are dependent on the location of where the soils are (Robert, 2011).The first European, Francisco (Organic arsenic adsorption onto a magnetic sorbent, 2009) de Orellana explored the Central Amazon in the early 1500s which he made a report to the Spanish court about the huge agricultural civilization which was found along the Amazon banks. The initial Man made soils in Europe which are improved with organic matter (i.e. biochar) from the heathlands has been as old as three thousand years on the Sylt Island of Germany (F.Verheijen, 2010). Also, Terra Preta was founded by Wim Sombroek, a Dutch soil scientist in middle of the 20th Century which makes up 10 percent of the Amazon Region and other areas where is soils are found in Liberia, Benin Republic, Peru and Ecuador (Bio11). Wim Sombroek's book in 1966 about “Amazon Soils” depicts scientific aspect and study of “terra preta”. Also, Bruno Glaser from the University of Bayreuth in Germany depicts that crop productivity with terra preta is two times greater than crop in plain soils which is due to the agric-char that makes organic material undergoes a smouldering process in a nooxygen or oxygen-deficient condition which makes it possible for the biochar to collect water and nutrient which are washed down to the roots, housing micro-organisms community which makes the soils darker in colour and spongy. Bruno Glaser stated in his research that a hectare of terra preta which is a one metre in depth contains two hundred and fifty tonnes of carbon compared to one hundred tonnes in unfertile land with the same parent material. Also, Johannes Lehmann the first author of the book “Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin, Properties, Management,” from Cornell University, New York said that towards the end of the century, Terra Preta program mixed with biofuel can sequestrate about 9.5 billion tonnes of carbon annually and enriched soil was made a thousand years or more by human settlements using the slash-and char processes which is reduced intensity smoldering fires which is covered with waste, excluding oxygen (2006). Herbert Smith in 1879, nurtured the Scribner's Monthly on stories about the Amazon covering every details such as the splendid growth of the sugar plantations which the secret was the highly rich and fertile “terra preta” soils which was the best kind of soils in the Amazons with characteristics of been dark loam, fine and two feet in thickness. William Woods, a relinquished human Settlement Professional from the University of Kansas took “terra preta” samples from the Amazon region, Brazil contained up to nine percent carbon which is compared to the 0.5 percent of normal soil from areas not to far. Robert Brown states that two hundred and fifty hectare farm on biochar-ammonium-nitrate process can store over 1900 tons of carbon in a year (2006). Christopher Steiner from the University of Georgia stated that agrichar manufacture from poultry waste can help to make sandy soils to be highly productive. David Laird depict that agrichar can aid the enriched soil of the American Mid-west by reducing the leaching of soil nutrients and also the removal of carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere which is now taken seriously (Honcho, 2010). Amazon Terra Preta de Indio shows that soils that are unproductive can be changed into productive soils which reduces the use of fertilizers and affects environmental effects of crop soils. Biochar soils has a high reduction of nitrous oxide emittance and phosphorous runoff reduction, Magnetic Biochar process reverses land degradation in areas that are polluted, depleted and lacking organic matter (The11). According to Trimble in the 19th Century observed that farmland in his country, the charcoal dust effect caused an increase of vegetation. Retan and Tryon in the 20th Century studied the Initial research on the impact of agrichar on growth of seedling and the chemical characteristics of soil which give scientific information on biochar. In the early 1980s, Biochar research increased in Japan. In the early 20th Century, Morley writes in “The National Green keeper” that biochar acts like a sponge in the soil which retains gases, solutions and water. He stated that biochar is has no equal as a cleaning agent of the soil and moisture absorber and the biochar products are on the market. In 1804, Young stated a paring and burning method which soils are heaped with organic material which is own as peat which after that it is set on fire that help to increase its farm value. Also, Justus Liebig stated that a biomass was mixed up with soil, set on fire to burn until black soil is formed which aided plant's growth in China. Ogawa stated that agrichar is stated by Miyazaki as “manure made of fire” in ancient Japan agriculture period in the 17th Century (Johannes, 2009). Initial large scale biochar production was during metallurgy invention around 3000 BC which biochar was used to generate high temperatures over a thousand degree Celsius, producing little smoke which is good for smelting, copper ore oxides undergoes reduction through biochar. The first time biochar was produced wasby slow wood burning in a pit which is covered with soil which was common in Europe in the 20th Century. Carl W. Scheele, an 18th Century Swedish scientist started the methodical cogitation about biochar absorptive qualities. In the late 19th Century, soils were altered by biochar which Professor Charles Hart with his student, Herbert H. Smith made Amazon Dark Soils known to the methodical commonality, Amazon Dark Earth origin are from the Pre-Columbian times. Biochar soils have colossal combinations of calcium, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous than normal soils, the biochar shoal has relatively high nutriment holding retention due to carboxylic due to apparent degeneration and has a large pH value and holds large quantities of H20, the agrichar polycyclic ambrosial design counteracts elemental putrefaction and synthetic degeneration that's depicts its tenacity in the ambiance (Meyer, 2009). Magnetic biochar were made from chemical co-precipitation of iron ions on a biomass material and pyrolyzing at temperatures at the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of organic pollution process and control, Zhejiang University China (A novel magnetic biochar efficiently sorbs organic pollutants and phosphate, 2010). Terra preta is readily rich in potassium, calcium, zinc, phosphorus and manganese most significantly charcoal which give rise to the dark colour of terra preta, the charcoal form in the Terra preta soil is different to the one made in a traditional way as a source of fuel used for cooking, the chemical orientation of biochar is made up of the poly-structured aromatic presence which fights against microbial destruction (Rodriguez, et al., 2009).Biochar structure was very difficult to comprehend during the mid-19th-Century which was related to graphite but unknown linking together of carbon rings, Rosalind Franklin promulgated a work about the biochar structures which she suggested a 65 percentage model of carbon stored in graphite, showing the main difference between coke and char in which coal gotten from coke is revamped into transparent charcoal at elevated temperatures while biochar cannot be changed to a stable solid carbon form at an elevated temperature. In the late 1970s, Freeman Dyson a quantum physicist stated a project on the increase of carbon sequestration in plants and soil which slows down the atmospheric carbondioxide increase and replaces fossil fuel used with biofuel. Also, biochar is the residue from biomass heated in the absence of oxygen supply which there is a chemical transformation during heat application to create benzene ring arrangement which microorganisms find it difficult to attack such an arrangement and it can be used to promote the health of land and also vegetation growth (Karve, 2009). Biochar explanation is interesting because it is used in soil amendment and improved agriculture production for farmers. It is also used in managing soil quality, mitigating climate change and other environmental benefits. Biochar is a very fine grained charcoal made from biomass conversion through pyrolysis which is applied to soils; biomass is “cooked” at high temperature in the absence or limited supply of oxygen supply (The African Biodiversity Network, 2009). Fuels are derived from the pyrolysis which is use as agro fuels for cars and aeroplanes (Organic arsenic adsorption onto a magnetic sorbent, 2009). Biochar is a carbon-porous solid which is made through the thermochemical conversion process of organic matter in a limited supply or non-supply of oxygen and it is very stable and used for long-term storage of carbon in the soil, reducing carbon emissions and improvement of soils. Biochar production occurs when biomass (i.e. wood, manure or crop residue) is heated in an enclosed container with little air and when made, it is added to tropical soils for improvement of crop yield on tropical soils. (Speeding, 2010). It is a form of black charcoal which is created when natural organic materials such as crop wastes, timber and litter is heated under low level of oxygen supply and it is receiving a great deal of attention as a fertiliser, soil conditioner and carbon storage, the biochar made depends on the material been burnt, its temperature and heating process rate, chicken-litter based biochar will have a nutrient content which will be different from timber-based biochar. Also, Adsorption characteristics of biochar created at seven hundred degrees celsius is different from biochar created at four hundred degrees celsius (Quayle, 2010). It is residue product of cellulose matter under thermal treatment such as Gasification, Pyrolysis or Hydrothermal Carbonisation under the limited supply of oxygen which the process produces oil and gas used for heat and energy supply. Biochar is a future promising innovation used in the reduction of emissions and improvement of soil properties (Ernsting, 2009). Biochar mixed with fly ash can be used in the promotion of terrestrial carbon storage on non-productive lands, transformation of soil properties such as porosity, pH, water-holding capacity, conductivity, dissolved sulphates, carbonate and chloride anions and cations (Palumbo, et al., 2009). Biochar is a bio-charcoal which is used for the amendment of soils produced by thermal process of the biomass within reduced oxygen condition; it is addition helps in the improvement of cation exchange capacity which allows for efficient delivery of plant nutrients and water retention improvement (Backer, et al., 2011). Production of Biochar from a given biomass is composed of organic carbon with macro and micro nutrient content for plants gotten from the initial feedstock; the composition of biochar depends with the feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions. Biochar can contain relative concentrations of elements like sulphur, hydrogen, oxygen, bases and heavy metals; biochar that are freshly made which its constituents of grapheme layers and aromatic structures; acidic biochar are produced at low temperatures of pyrolysis while alkaline biochar are made at high temperatures of pyrolysis.

1.2.2 EXPLANATION OF BIOCHAR PRODUCTION

The ancient process of biochar production is created by the after effect of forest fires and burning in pits by humans, then the char from the burning process is added to the soil for amendment the char is called “BIOCHAR”. The making of charcoal by traditional means is not eco-friendly to the environment. This ancient process of producing biochar started in the Amazon Basin of South America which then the people there would pile up wood in pits made of earth and burn slowly in the absence or low limit of air. Also, Biochar are produced with the use of Klin technology. The kiln is made out of steel, brick and earth but can also emanate smoke and other greenhouse gases which lead to global climate severance. Furthermore, biochar is made from pyrolytic process in which biomass matter is heated in the absence or little supply of oxygen at temperature between three hundred and fifty degrees celsius to seven hundred degree celsius in furnaces in which gases such as syngas, oxygen and hydrogen is either burnt-off or captured and bio-oil is also produced, making a great source of energy (How11), it is a thermochemical process which changes a biomass matter into bio-oil, biochar and syngas. At temperature above four hundred degrees celsius with limited supply of air, organic matter is decomposed thermally to a vapour stage and residual solid stage which is the biochar, cooling of the vapour (i.e. high molecular-weight volatile compounds) leads to condensation which is the bio-oil. This pyrolytic method is of two types which is the fast pyrolysis and the slow pryrolysis, the fast pyrolysis occur around five hundred degree celsius which produces the char in matter of seconds, whilst the slow pyrolysis occurs at a temperature less than four hundred degree celsius which takes time to make the biochar of great quantity than the fast pyrolysis. Biochar is also produced from ECO Pyro-Torrefaction which is a regular flow heat circular process which is operated at about five hundred degrees Celsius using a sophisticated mechanized non-oxygenated void reactor which a heat-chemical transformation removes the erratic constituent of biomass matter, stabilizing the residue part of the carbon into biochar and other products that comes with it (ECh11).Furthermore, we shall talk about slow pyrolysis in general which is the most occurring applied science which is known in biochar production that is done by the application of heat ranging from twenty degrees celsius per minute to one hundred degree celsius per minute with an elevated temperature of six hundred degree celsius to a biomass matter to produce equal by-products since the time for vapours is large for majority of the biomass to be splintered. Also, slow pyrolysis types are established on kiln technologies which are drum pyrolysers and screw pyrolysers (Martin, 2009). Gasification of biomass is the process whereby there is an incomplete combustion of biomass matter which leads to the production of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane which the mixture is called “producer gas” or a generator gas at temperatures up to a one thousand degree celsius in a gasifier, this gas can be used to run engines, produce furnace oil and methanol (Rajvanshi). Flash pyrolysis is whereby the biomass is processed to get high oil yields up to seventy-five percentage which the process is characterised with high heating rates, elevated temperature values of four hundred and fifty degree celsius to six hundred degree celsius and a short gas residence period at high temperatures. The bio-oil made from this process has a higher energy density, five times higher compared to its biomass and the oil can be stored and transported (Bramer). Hydrothermal carbonisation is the fast process of biochar production in the presence of water which the biomass is heated in water at about three hundred and fifty degree celsius at pressure with a reaction time system of one hour. The benefit of hydrothermal carbonisation is the conversion of wet biomass into solid carbon at elevated yields without the use of intense drying process (Sorption of bisphenol A, 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol and phenathrene on thermally and hydrothermally produced biochars, 2011). High adsorption capacity biochar which is made from rice husk and corncobs are products from a pyrolysis reactor by fast pyrolysis of biomass. (Preparation of high adsorption capacity bio-char from waste biomass, 2011). Biochar from rice hull and legume reduces soil acidity and elevates soil alkalinity, which improves soil fertility and its liming potential (Amendment of Acid Soils with Crop Residues and Biochar, 2011). Poultry litter is converted by fast pyrolysis which is the biomass to biocrude oil in a fluidized bed reactor which is used for energy purposes (Biocrude oils from the fast pyrolysis of poultry litter and hardwood, 2009). Oak bark biochar is produced from the fast pyrolysis of oak wood in an auger reactor which the biochar created is use for chromium removal from water which the adsorption isotherm is determined (Modeling and evaluation of chromium remediation from water using low cost bio-char, a green adsorbent, 2011). Product yield from pyrolysis varies with temperature, lower temperature the more biochar that is produced per unit biomass; High temperature creates syngas per unit biomass. Three main methods for the deployment of a pyrolysis system which the first is a centralized process system which the biomass is collected and sent for processing at the pyrolysis plant, second system is the use of a pyrolysis klin and the third system is when a truck has a pyrolyser attached will be driven to pyrolyse biomass, the pyrolyser will be powered using stream of syngas, returning the char to earth and transportation of bio-oil to refinery site. Biochar production from bamboo through the hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) in a HTC batch reactor made of stainless cylinder steel which is surrounded by an electric heater coil, insulating wool and sheet steel (Characterisation of biochar from hydrothermal carbonisation of bamboo, 2011).

1.2.3 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL FUTURE USES OF BIOCHAR

Biochar is use to generate energy in systems since its sulphur content is low and biochar combustion doesn't need a process for the removal of NOx and SOx. The biochar ash content is used for feedstock in agriculture; biochar of low ash grade is also used in metallurgy and used as absorbent to remove odours found in the air and water (Laird, 2009). Biochar is a soil enhancer which stores carbon and makes fertile soils, reduction of nitrogen leaching into ground water, reduction of nitrous oxide emission, increasing cation-exchange capacity for enchanced soil fertility, soil acid moderation, high rate of water retention and high amount of soil microbes that are beneficial (2011). Biocharbased fibres are used to manufacture protective clothings, footwear and gloves which are necessary for emergency workers which are exposed to toxic chemicals, also these fibres will be used as a geotextiles for absorbing toxic spills and as sampling machines for analysis of contamination of rigid surfaces (2010). The oldest biochar use by individuals were in drawings in the Grotte Chauvet which is thirty eight thousand years which are cave drawings made of partially charred sticks on fire. Furthermore, the initial biochar application was artistically-based where artists use it for drawing during the Renaissance era; the important component of gunpowder was biochar in its use which originated in 9th Century China, invented by alchemists. Biochar absorptive traits were used by the Egyptians which were used in wound putrefication by absorption of fetid vapors. In early 20th Century Japan, biochar which were called “Kuntan” are applied in rice plantation, decorative plants, cleansing of water and used for absorption of metallic toxins when magnetite is incorporated in the biochar. Poisonous gases in battlefields of the First World War lead to the gas mask production which biochar was use as absorbent (Meyer, 2009) Recent studies have shown that biochar use as a bulking agent for poultry manure constituent which is mixing the poultry manure with different organic wastes (Use of biochar as bulking agent for the compositing of poultry manure: Effect on organic matter degradation and humification, 2009). Biochar is recognised by scientists with a role in reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, mitigation of waste, carbon storing process and amendment of soil which acts as an effective absorbent of Agrochemicals (Biochar Application to Soil: Agronomic and Environmental Benefits and Unintended Consequences, 2011). Biochar made from hydrothermal carbonisation process has physical and chemical properties which make it a good absorbent to remove uranium found in ground water which is eco-friendly (An Assessment of U(VI) removal from groundwater using biochar produced from hydrothermal carbonisation, 2011). Biochar is also developed from the solid acid catalyst of pyrolysed biomass to produce biodiesel (Biochar based solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production, 2010) Use of biochar to soils for the maintenance of increased earthworm biomass which increase the tropical soil's fertility and crop production sustainability which is tested with rice which increases its yield (Contrasted effect of biochar and earthworms on rice growth and resource allocation in different soils, 2010). Addition of biochar to soil increases soil organic carbon concentration and resists microbial mineralisation within a short period and aids organic carbon mineralisation of the remains that aids N immobilization (Short-term CO2 Mineralisation after additions of biochar and switchgrass to a Typic Kandiudult, 2009). Biochar is also used through fumigation extraction process in the soil microbial biomass carbon determination (Impact of black carbon addition to soil on the determination of soil microbial biomass by fumigation extraction, 2010). Biochar in soils help in the reduction of plant uptake of pesticides such as chlorpyrifos and carbofuran, reducing bioavailabilty (Reduced plant uptake of pesticides with biochar additions to soil, 2009). Hydrothermal liquefacted made biochar is used in the extraction of lead from water (Removal of lead from water using biochar prepared from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass, 2009). Bio-oil made from biochar is used for the large-scale production of biohydrogen in plant facilities (Large-scale biohydrogen production from bio-oil, 2010). Biochar and biomass can be used as a biofuel to power boilers which offers environmental, social and economic benefits which leads to financial saving, fossil fuel resource conservation, greenhouse gas emissions reduction and creation of jobs (A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers, 2011). The lumps of biochar serves in the growth of endomycorrhizal fungi which lives inside plant root cells and its fungal which is hyphal mycelium stretches into soil which is similar to root hairs, absorbing nutrient from soil for the enchanced growth of plant root. Agricultural benefit of biochar can be improved through the mixture of biochar with vermiculture, the vermiculture will aid in enhancing the nutrient availability of soils (Ruehr) (A novel magnetic biochar efficiently sorbs organic pollutants and phosphate, 2010). Bio-oil which is extracted from the pyrolysis of biomass can be used as a substitute where fossil oil is used; it can be upgraded to fuels like biodiesel and gasoline. Biochar is a good substitute for coal in the production of energy, Pyrolysis is an efficient process of creating electrical energy from biomass and Syngas is used for the production of methanol and hydrogen. Also, bio-oil is made up of organic acids which destroys steel containers by corrosion and contains biochar in the liquid to damage truck injectors (2008). Biochar made from remains of rice-straw is use for the adsorption of pentachlorophenol, organic pollutant from sediments and also determining the adsorption capacity (Sorption and ecotoxicity of pentachlorophenol polluted sediment amended with rice-straw derived biochar, 2010). Biochar applied on soils with coconut fibre tuff potting medium helps to induce a systemic resistance to fungal pathogens such as powdery mildew, gray mould and also broad mite on tomato and pepper, containing the diseases in the leaf parts (Induction of Systemic Resistance in Plants by Biochar, a Soil-Applied Carbon Sequestering Agent, 2010). Also, biochar is used in amending sand-based turfgrass rootzones, decreases saturated hydraulic conductivity in the sand-based rootzones, reduces rooting depth and increases retention of soil water in sand for plants in sand-based rootzones (Brockhoff, 2010). Biochar helps to influence the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur changes in the soil ecosystem, the mechanism used by the biochar changes the transformation of soil nutrients (DeLuca, et al., 2009). Pecan-based biochar which is non-activated with grounded switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is used to increase the soil carbon content, infiltration, aggregation and water-holding capacity of the poor physical characteristics and low soil carbon content of Norfolk Loamy Sandy soils (Influence of Pecan Biochar on Physical Properties of a Norfolk Loamy Sand, 2010). Biochar electrodes will be used to replace activated carbon electrodes for energy storing like a super-capacitor (Topre, 2011). Biochar created form sawdust through fast pyrolysis at five hundred degrees celsius is used on atrazine herbicide sorption at low concentrations when the biochar is added to sandy loam soil (Mesa, 2006). Biochar made from thermal decomposition of a given biomass can be used as renewable fuel which is used in a generating plant, the pyrolysis used in developing countries to aid efficiency, sustainability and biomass reduction; carbon emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is controlled by pyrolysis biochar process. Pyrolysis is beneficial for the reduction of waste which is for disposal to landfill sites (Brownsort P A, 2009). Biochar is used to check the negative effects of forest biomass removal; biochar made from hardwood have concentrations of carbonate which are used in the reduction of soil acidity, decreasing Al saturation and increases base saturation. Biochar addition of soil with high pH can cause micronutrient deficiencies in crops and vegetation. (Coleman, 2009)

1.2.4 EXPLANATION OF MAGNETIC BIOCHAR

Magnetic biochar is a type of charcoal which is manufactured by the synthetically combination of a biomass in powdered form with magnetite or iron oxide and undergoes pyrolysis at different temperatures which results into a biochar and iron oxide or magnetite mixture preparation. Magnetic biochar is increasingly becoming very interesting because it is a multifunctional substance for environmental purposes such as carbon storage capacity, greenhouse gas reduction and an absorbing material for metallic toxins and pollutants; agricultural purposes such as improvement of soil fertility, increase of vegetation growth, soil nutrient improvement, increased soil performance and raising the soil cation exchange capacity. Plant waste and animal residue derived biochar is been used for adsorption of organic pollutant, biochar-based on manure from farm animals are used to adsorb organic and metallic contaminants, high temperature biochar shows a high absorption capacity than low temperature biochar which is due to the larger surface area with aromatic compounds and a high level of microporosity. The state of science of magnetic biochar is that a biomass is synthetically mixed with a magnetic chemical solution or a magnetite through pyrolysis at different temperature in a pyrolysis machine. Baoling Chen, Zaiming Chen and Shaofang Lv from the Zhejiang University in China prepared a magnetic biochar for removing hydrophobic organic compounds and phosphate from waste water. Magnetic biochar is a cost effective absorptive material which is receiving elevated recent attention because of its benefits and applications, biochar made from agricultural remains binds chemical water contaminants from heavy metals and organic toxins. Also, magnetic biochar use to remove metal toxins from polluted soils is still relatively explored and sorption experiment which shows how metallic toxins are adsorbed by magnetic biochar when applied to the soil (Removal of Phosphate from aqueous solutions by biochar derived from anaerobically digested sugar beet tailings, 2011).

Magnetic microstructures are made from the skeletal structure of a leaf mixed with iron acetate in a vacuum, remove surplus liquid if excess, and driedin hot air or oven, pyrolysed at seven hundred degrees celsius with nitrogen to drive out the air which the skeletal structure of leaf turns black and becomes strongly magnetic and attracted to a magnet (Biotemplating of Metal Carbide Microstructures:The Magnetic leaf, 2010). Magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotube composite is chemically made and it is used as an absorptive material for cationic dye removal from aqueous solutionswhich is made of multi-wall carbon nanotube and iron oxide particles, formations and properties of the magnetic absorbent were typified by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area measurement and scanning electron microscopy. Magnetic separation technology is an efficient technology for the separation of magnetic materials which is used for many applications in environmental technology, analytical chemistry and mining. The benefit of this technology has the capacity of treating high amount of waste water for a short period without producing zero pollution, magnetic biochar are often made up of magnetic nanoparticles, recent study has been made from the synthesis of magnetic-chitosan matter as an absorbentfor fluoride removal and Arabic gum magnetic absorbent which is use for the removal of copper ions. The introduction of magnetic properties into biomass to form biochar will lead to an absorption capacity of metallic toxins (Removal of catonic dyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotube nanocomposite as adsorbent, 2009). Absorbent-based biomass is a cost effective and eco-friendly beneficent way in removing heavy metals, hydrocarbons and nitrates from soil and water. The loading of iron in powdered biomass which involves treating it with a non-toxic anionic polymer which binds iron ions that has the capability in the removal of phosphate from water or soil (Biosorbents prepared from wood particles treated with anionic polymer and ironsalt: Effect of particle size on phosphate adsorption, 2008). The organic arsenate, monomethylarsonate absorption by calcium-made magnetic biochar which the sorption capacity is measured (Organic arsenic adsorption onto a magnetic sorbent, 2009). Magnetic biochar which is made from the combination of biomass with powdered copper iron (II) oxide through a chemical co-precipitation process which this biochar is use to absorb acid orange II in water and separated from the medium by magnetic process (CuFe2O4/activated carbon composite: a novel magnetic adsorbent for the removal of acid orange II and catalytic regeneration, 2007).Magnetic biochar is useful for many applications in magnetic invention of energized carbon made by the mixture of magnetite and charcoal, magnetic biochar is also created when iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate was mixed and dissolved in water about a hundred centimetres cube, mixed with powdered activated carbon which the mixture is mixed on a magnetic stirrer and sodium hydroxide is added drop wise for five minutes so that there is precipitation of hydrated iron oxides (Safarik, 1996). Copper, Zinc and Cadium is removed from soils through an absorbent with iron filings, recovering the filings by magnetic separation (Heavy Metal Removal from Soils Using Magnetic Seperation: 1. Laboratory Experiments, 2007). Magnetic biochar which is an absorbent is developed and used for heavy metal ion removal relies in the communication of specified compounds with operative groups found on absorbent surface and the operative groups are the determining factors which depicts the capacity, effectiveness, selectivity and reusage of the absorbent, a recent study shows that magnetic biochar which is made from magnetite in combination of amino groups was actualized for the absorption of cations and anions. The magnetic separation method is beneficial to environment since they do not produce contaminants especially the magnetic biochar which are made of magnetite particles with organosilane or polymer in which operative groups are found on the surface of absorbent (Application of bifunctional magnetic adsorbent to adsorb metal cations and anionic dyes in aqueous solution, 2010). Magnetic biochar which is a robust and diverse in magnetism and elevated absorption capability is on the function basis of iron oxide and silica magnetic constituents with carboxylic polyglycerol is made and confirmed with Thermo gravimetric analysis, Zeta-potential, Transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (Magnetic dendritic materials for highly efficients adsorption of dyes and drugs, 2010). The magnetic biochar which is an absorbent made up of Cu (II) and Fe (III) oxides which are used to remove arsenic, the chemical CuFe2O4 is recovered through magnetic separation process. A characterisation and absorption property of arsenic of the magnetic biochar is studied and analysed (Arsenic adsorption by magnetic adsorbent CuFe2O4, 2003). Magnetic modified organic matter containing magnetic particles as attracted a lot of prominence due to its ability as a magnetic absorbent for organic and inorganic compounds which have been successfully applied in separation of xenobiotics, nuclei acids and proteins, this is interesting because it is used for removal heavy metals from waste (i.e. aqueous), alternative methods to gravitational and filtration processes and manipulation of magnetism with magnetic biochar using magnetic field (Mosiniewicz-Szablewska, 2010)

1.3 PROJECT AIM AND OBJECTIVES

This project is aimed at preparing a magnetic biochar by the combination the biomass (i.e.SRCwillow) with iron (II) Chloride tetrahydrate and iron (III) Chloride dissolved in deionized water; the magnetic charcoal is used for copper sulphate removal. SRC willow which is theraw biomass material of the magnetic biochar; mixing SRC willow biomass with iron (II) and iron (III) solutions, filtering the mixture to get the sample and it is pyrolyseat four hundred degrees celsius in a Carbolite electric tube furnace. Ultra Violet visible light spectrometry was taken for iron (II) and iron (III) chloride solutions, copper sulphate solutions and copper sulphate mixed with magnetic biochar using a roller machine for a whole day,U V/VIS Spectrometry, Fourier transform spectrometry, Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and Atomic absorption spectrometry are used to characterise the formations, physical and chemical properties of the magnetic biochar. Sorption experiment of copper to magnetic biochar mixed copper sulphate standard solution was donein a roller machineand the calibration curves are plotted. Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) Willow which is the biomass used is a densely planted, increased yield of energy crop used for the production of wood chips as a form of biomass and fuel for power stations and a learning source of renewable production of energy from farmland. SRC willow is used as a carbon neutral which reduces carbon dioxide emissions into atmosphere (Ene1 1).

CHAPTER TWO

METHODOLOGY

2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The magnetic charcoal was prepared with SRC Willow with a grain size of less than 2 mm which was provided by Doctor Chris Ennis of the Clean Environment Management Centre (CLEMANCE), School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom as the raw biomass material; 20.25 grams of iron (III) Chloride and 15.91 grams of iron (II) Chloride in solute form were used to make standard and reagent solutions of 1.0M and 0.1M. Also, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy was performed on standard solutions of 0.05M, 0.1M, 0.2M and 0.4M respectively of iron (II) Chloride and iron (III) Chloride at four hundred and sixty nanometres as the spectrum measurement wavelength in the JASCO V-630 Spectrophotometer. 2.0 grams of SRC Willowwas weighed and added to 100mL of iron (II) Chloride and 100mL of iron (III) Chloride of 1.0M and also, another 2.0 grams of SRC willow with iron (II) Chloride and iron (III) Chloride of 0.1M solution; 5 moles of sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise with vigorous stirring, raising the pH suspension up to 10 which is indicated using universal indicator paper, the stirring was done for 30 minutes for the 1.0M and 0.1M iron solution magnetic biochar. Consequently, the deposits were separated by filtration process for the 1.0M iron solution mixture with SRC willow and 0.1M iron solution mixture with SRC willow respectively. The deposits from the 1.0M and 0.1M iron solution SRC willow mixture were oven-dried for two days at 105degree celsius, weighed and filled in ceramic boats; placed in for pyrolysing in the Carbolite electric tube furnace set at a temperature of four hundred degrees celsius which started by 10:15 amand was kept for one day; the Carbolite electric tube furnace is cooled down when it has reached the four hundred degrees celsius mark to thirty degrees celsius. After that, the residues which arethe 1.0M magnetic charcoal and 0.1M magnetic charcoal respectively are weighed and are put into labelled sample tubes. Atomic absorption and Ultra-violent visible spectrometry analysis such as spectra measurement and fixed wavelength measurement at 300nm was done on copper sulphate solutions of 20ppm, 40ppm, 60ppm, 80ppm, 100ppm and 200ppm fromthe 2000ppm of copper sulphate standard solutionswhich40ppm for 1.0 M iron solution magnetic biochar; 60ppm and 3ppmwill be mixed with1.0 M, 0.1 M iron solution magnetic biochar and activated charcoal nitrot.