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At a glance
- Grade: 1.0 (1.0 is the best grade)
- System test uses three eTriage tags and one gateway
- Five eTriage circuit boards assembled for the prototype
- 67 sources in the bibliography
- 35 figures and 6 tables
Contents
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Motivation
1.2. Scope
1.3. Outline
2. Background
2.1. Triage
2.1.1. The START Triage Method
2.1.2. Other Mass Casualty Triage Systems
2.1.3. Triage Tags
2.2. Issues With Current Triage Tags
2.3. Related Work
2.3.1. SOGRO MANV 500
2.3.2. AID-N
2.3.3. WIISARD
2.3.4. eTriage
2.3.5. More Related Projects
2.4. Analysis
3. Requirements for an Electronic Triage Tag
4. The eTriage Concept
5. Hardware Development
5.1. Selection of Communication Standard
5.2. The eTriage Tag
5.2.1. Selection of Soft- and Hardware Platform
5.2.2. Selection of Hardware Components
5.2.3. Communication Interfaces
5.2.4. PCB Design
5.2.5. Assembling the PCB
5.2.6. Case
5.2.7. Assembling the eTriage Tag
5.3. The eTriage Gateway
6. Software Development
6.1. Developing with Lightweight Mesh
6.1.1. Typical Application Structure
6.1.2. Basic Network Configuration
6.1.3. Data Transmission
6.1.4. Data Reception
6.1.5. Software Timer
6.2. The eTriage Tag Firmware
6.2.1. Application Task Handler
6.2.2. AD Conversion of Temperature Sensor Voltage
6.2.3. GPS Interface
6.2.4. Micro SD SPI Protocol
6.2.5. Address Initialization and Administration
6.2.6. Communication Protocol
6.2.7. Software Timer
6.2.8. LED Indicator
7. Testing
7.1. Hardware Functionality Test
7.1.1. Assembled Hardware Components
7.1.2. Operating Time
7.1.3. Range Test
7.2. Software Test
7.2.1. Module Test
7.2.2. System Test
8. Conclusion and Future Work
8.1. Conclusion
8.2. Future Work
Objectives and Topics
This thesis asks how a wireless electronic triage tag can help emergency responders obtain a timely overview of a mass casualty incident without disrupting established triage practices. It develops and tests a prototype based on an earlier Fraunhofer FIT eTriage design, addressing the device’s hardware, firmware and integration into a mesh network.
- Mass casualty triage methods and the limitations of conventional tags
- Requirements for autonomous, traceable electronic triage devices
- Wireless mesh networking and gateway communication
- Hardware design, power supply, location sensing and data storage
- Firmware implementation and hardware and software testing
Excerpt from the Book
2.2. Issues With Current Triage Tags
Paper-based triage and registration systems are still state-of-the-art because they are robust and their usage is intuitive. However, information about affected individuals stays among the persons themselves, complicating disaster management considerably. Reporting recently tagged victims to the incident command center is done orally using handheld radios, which could lead to misunderstandings e.g. in terms of language or dialect. Data recorded on the tag can only be duplicated by manually copying it, which is a laborius and time-consuming process. The color coding of the MET triage tag is done by tearing off parts of it, making re-triage possible only for worsening conditions, resulting in over-triage if the victim’s condition improves. The SMART tag is folded and encapsulated in a plastic housing which makes it impossible to see all the information written on the tag. To access it, the tag needs to be removed from the housing and unfolded, wasting a huge amount of time. Additionally tracing back a single person who may or may not have passed different stations of the rescue chain is practically impossible. It can occur that victims walk around wounded and confused in some kind of shock. Finding these missing victims in an area which may be totally destructed and dangerous is very difficult, if not impossible. In general, it is challenging to get an immediate and accurate situation overview (i.e. number of victims, categories and their location), leading to sub-optimality in deploying forces. Triage and registration might be performed at different areas by different teams which automatically leads to different lists. These lists have to be sorted and updated manually which is a time consuming and error-prone process. Important to mention is also, that the majority of civil rescue forces consists of volunteers which usually have only little experience with large scale emergency situations. They are well skilled but do not operate as strictly in hierarchy as for instance armed forces do [28].
Chapter Summaries
1. Introduction: Introduces mass casualty triage, its communication difficulties and the scope of the proposed prototype.
2. Background: Reviews triage methods, conventional tags and related electronic systems before analyzing their suitability.
3. Requirements for an Electronic Triage Tag: Sets out requirements including autonomous operation, traceability, wireless connectivity, accessible storage and compact size.
4. The eTriage Concept: Describes the tag, relay, sensors, tablet and gateway as components of a wider emergency communication system.
5. Hardware Development: Explains the choice of communication technology and components, circuit-board design, assembly and gateway hardware.
6. Software Development: Introduces Lightweight Mesh and describes the firmware’s state machine, sensor interfaces, storage and communication protocols.
7. Testing: Presents hardware functionality, operating-time and range tests alongside software module and system tests.
8. Conclusion and Future Work: Reviews the prototype against its requirements and identifies possible improvements.
Keywords
electronic triage, mass casualty incidents, wireless mesh networks, emergency response, patient tracking, Lightweight Mesh, IEEE 802.15.4, embedded systems, GPS, triage tags, firmware, prototype testing, microSD storage
Frequently Asked Questions
What is this thesis about?
It describes the design, implementation and testing of a wirelessly connected electronic triage tag for mass casualty incidents.
What are its main topics?
The work covers emergency triage, device requirements, wireless networking, electronic hardware, firmware and prototype testing.
What is the primary objective?
The objective is to develop a prototype that helps responders obtain an overview of an incident while preserving the existing triage workflow.
What method does the author use?
The author analyzes existing systems, derives requirements, develops hardware and firmware, and tests individual components and the assembled system.
What does the main body discuss?
It examines triage practices and related projects, then explains the proposed system, hardware selection, software implementation and tests.
Which keywords characterize the work?
Electronic triage, mass casualty incidents, wireless mesh networks, GPS, embedded systems and prototype testing are central terms.
How does the tag communicate?
The prototype uses Atmel’s Lightweight Mesh software stack to exchange information over a wireless network and forward it toward a gateway.
What information is the tag designed to handle?
The design handles triage category, location, time and temperature information, and records data on a microSD card.
How is the complete system tested?
A system test uses three tags and a gateway to examine messaging, data storage, network reconnection, routing and status indicators.
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- Julian Quandt (Autor:in), 2015, An Electronic Triage Tag with Wireless Interconnectivity. Design and Implementation, München, Page::Imprint:: GRINVerlagOHG, https://www.diplomarbeiten24.de/document/1305586
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