Studies on Chemical Synthesis of Peptides: Efficient Synthetic Methods for β-Amino Acids, Azides, Amino Acid Hydroxamates and Esters

The importance of ß-amino acids has been focused, particularly in the past few decades. They are found as components of many biologically active peptidic and nonpeptidic natural products with antibiotic, antifungal, cytotoxic, and other pharmacological properties. ß-Amino acids are produced in humans, animals, microorganisms, marine organisms, and plants either in free state or as part of a peptide or depsipeptide. The importance of nonpeptidic ß-amino acids has been nfocused particularly on the ß-lactam antibiotics, since naturally occurring penicillin derivatives have been discovered as broad antibiotic active agents. Over the years, a large number of these compounds have been prepared and tested, and a variety of new ß-lactam ring systems have been introduced such as cephems, cephalosporins, oxacephems, penems, carbapenems, oxapenams as well as monocyclic and polycyclic ring systems. ß-Amino acids have been known to play an important role in primary and secondary metabolism also. [...]