präsentiert von
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ABSTRACT
Reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and minimising the emission of greenhouse gas is the main
challenge of the time. Biogas is the one of the fastest growing renewable energy source in the world and
in the purpose of the research presented in this thesis is to explore the prospect of techno-economic
feasibility of Anaerobic Digestion of water hyacinth. Biogas production could be from various kinds of
organic material. However, a substantial share of the biogas potential seems untapped within the
agricultural sector like crop residues, weeds and dedicated biogas crops. Water hyacinth can prove to be
one such cash crop for biogas or bio-energy as a whole.
In addition, the techno-economic performance of water hyacinth seems to be very favourable since the
cost of feedstock is almost nil except the cost of harvesting and transportation. To make it more viable,
measures like further research in production technique needed to increase methane yield and reduction
of the related cost of operation and maintenance. Formulation of proper legislation and incentives from
the Government could encourage investors to consider such project for implementation.
The findings of the experiment conducted on the samples collected from West Bengal, India are
encouraging. The fibre analysis revealed a reasonable quantity of Cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin.
The volatile fatty acid (VFA) predicts a healthy fermentation status. The methane yield is substantial for
using water hyacinth as a potential biomass for anaerobic digestion. The chemical oxygen demand
(COD), the protein content, the carbohydrate content and pH values are very favourable for anaerobic
digestion.
From the Net Present value (NPV) and Internal Return ratio (IRR) it can be inferred that with the
financial assistance from the Government biogas from water hyacinth could be a feasible project.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This thesis is the final module of my Master Programs. This thesis gave me the opportunity to explore
the possibilities to establish that water hyacinth can be considered as a cash crop and can serve as an
alternative viable feedstock for the production of bio-energy in the form of biogas, bioelectricity or bio-
fuel.
This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and critical feedback from the supervisor
of the project Dr. Sandra Esteves. I appreciate the way of guidance received from Dr. Sandra to enrich
my personal development towards the research. I could not have made this thesis without the support
and help from Dr. Phil Kumi who had not only helped me getting familiar to the experimental laboratory
but had been always helped me in conducting experiments and without him I could not have finished
my experiments perfectly.
I would like show my special gratitude to my wife Banani who have always supported me and
encouraged me throughout my studies and have been interested in the progress of my thesis. I am
thankful to my daughter Adrija and my son Arpon who are my inspiration and who had been
instrumental in sun-drying the fresh water hyacinths.
I would like to thank Mrs. Meena Das and Banani for collecting the fresh water hyacinth sample for me
from the river Hooghly, in Ichapur, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Abstract
2
Acknowledgements
3
Table of contents
4
List of abbreviation
6
List of Figures
7
List of Tables
8
1 Introduction
9
1.1 Motivation
11
1.2 Aims and Objectives
12
1.3 Research Questions
13
1.4 Hypotheses
13
1.5 Thesis Outline
13
1.6 Research Scope and Limitations
14
2. Background
2.1 The Menace explained
15
2.1.1. The Problem
15
2.1.2 Potential Utilization
17
2.1.3 Technology guided possibilities
18
2.2 Possible Control
18
2.2.1. Control mechanism
18
3. Methodology
19
3.1 Data Collection and assessment
20
3.2 Sample Collection
20
3.3 Sample Analysis
20
3.3.1 Solid Content (TS and VS)
20
3.3.2 Volatile solid (VS)
21
3.3.3 Dry Matter (DM)
22
3.3.4 Digester size Estimation
22
3.3.5 Methane yield data collection
23
3.3.6 NDF , Ankom Technology method
24
3.3.7 ADF , Filter bag method
26
3.3.8 ADL , Ankom Technology
27
3.3.9. Soluble Carbohydrate determination
28
3.3.10 Protein Estimation , Lowry's method
30
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3.3.11 VFA Analysis
31
3.3.12 NCSH analysis
31
3.3.13 COD analysis
32
4. Experimental Results and analysis
4.1 Results (Tables, Charts and Graphs)
33- 45
4.2 Result Analysis
46
5. Economic assessment
5.1 Hypothesis
48
5.2 Scenario
48
5.3 Simple Payback period
49
5.4 NPV and IRR
50
5.5 Results and Conclusion
52
6. Study Case
53
7. Discussion and Conclusion
7.1 Water Hyacinth as a potential resource of energy
53
7.2 Analytical View
53
7.3 Analysis on experimental results
54
7.4 Suggestion
7.4.1 Technology upgrade
55
7.4.2 Usage as control measure
55
7.4.3 Proposed model project
55
7.5 Conclusion
56
x Reference
57-61
x Annexure
Annexure 1 Government Incentives, Government of India
62
Annexure 2 Commercial Offer for Biogas Plant, Zorg Biogas
63-6
Annexure 3 Cash Flow for Scenario 1
6
Annexure 4 Cash Flow for Scenario 2
6
x Excel Spreadsheet Tables of Experimental Results
6 -
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LIST OF ABBREBIATIONS:
COD
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
CHP
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
CN
CARBON NITROGEN
DM
DRY MATTER
FIT
FEED IN TARIFF
GHG
GREEN HOUSE GAS
IRR
INTERNAL RETURN RATIO
NCSH NIROGEN, CARBON, SULPHUR , HYDROGEN
NPV
NETT PRESENT VALUE
P&M
PLANT AND MACHINERY
TS
TOTAL SOLID
VFA
VOLATILE FATTY ACID
VS
VOLATILE SOLID
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LIST OF FIGURES:
Page No.
Figure 1
Photograph of Water hyacinth 10
Figure 2
Generalizes sketch of water hyacinth 10
Figure 3
Global Water Hyacinth Distribution 10
Figure 4
Photographs of collected fresh and Post sun-dried Water Hyacinth
samples
11
Figure 5
The menace of Water Hyacinth 15
Figure 6
Bar chart of TS and VS of Feedstock (Substrate) 33
Figure 7
Bar chart of TS and VS of Digestate 33
Figure 8
DM % of the samples
34
Figure 9
Consolidated graph of cumulative CH4 35
Figure10
Graph of cumulative CH4 yield over 19 days
35
Figure 11
Graph of cumulative CH4 yield over 42 days Shoots 36
Figure 12
Graph of cumulative CH4 yield over 42 days roots 36
Figure 13
Comparative Bar Chart of 19 days and 42 days CH4 yield 37
Figure 14
Bar chart of CH4 yield after 42 days 37
Figure 15
Bar chart of CH4 yield after 19 days
37
Figure 16
Bar chart of consolidated VFA 38
Figure 17
Bar chart of COD of samples
39
Figure 18
Bar chart of C:N Ratio 41
Figure 19
Bar chart of NCSH analysis 41
Figure 20
Bar chart of NDF % 42
Figure 21
Bar chart of ADF% 42
Figure 22
Bar chart of ADL%
42
Figure 23
Comparative Bar chart of NDF% and ADF% 43
Figure 24
Comparative Bar chart of NDF% , ADF% and ADL%
43
Figure 25
Bar chart of Carbohydrate analysis 44
Figure 26
Bar chart of protein analysis 44
Figure 27
Table on Chemical contents of water hyacinth ( Reference)
45
Figure 28
Schematic flow diagram of a proposed model Project
56
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LIST OF TABLES:
Page No
Table 1
TS and VS of original samples and Sludge 22
Table 2
Dilution of Glucose for Carbohydrate determination 29
Table 3
BSA standard stock dilution for Protein analysis 30
Table 4
TS and VS of Pre digest samples
33
Table 5
TS and VS of Post digest samples 33
Table 6
Dry matter of the samples 34
Table 7
VFA of the samples 38
Table 8
COD of the samples 39
Table 9
Bicarbonate Alkalinity 40
Table 10
pH Measurement 40
Table 11
NCSH analysis 41
Table 12
Consolidated NDF, ADF and ADL results 43
Table 13
Carbohydrate (g/kg) analysis of the samples 44
Table 14
Protein analysis of the samples 44
Table 15
Chemical analysis of the collected water hyacinth used in the
experiment
45
Table 16
NPV and IRR calculation , Scenario 1
51
Table 17
NPV and IRR calculation, Scenario 2 51
Table 18
Comparative chart of Simple Pay Back period, NPV and IRR 52
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1. INTRODUCTION
Water Hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ), is a freshwater free floating aquatic plant that had originated in
Amazon Basin, South America and over the past 100 years mankind had introduces water hyacinth all
over the world and is spread all over the tropics and sub tropics. These noxious weeds has become a
menace in areas of South America, Africa, South East Asia and Australia and southern USA. Water
hyacinth is an invasive species, they can reproduce through vegetative and sexual means and so the
plant is very difficult to control. The can float freely on the surface of fresh water or can be anchored in
mud. The plant size varies from few inches to a meter in height. The stem and leaves contain air filled
sacs, which help them to stay afloat in water.
Water hyacinth is considered as the most noxious weed in the world and is spread in many parts of the
world sinces it grows very fast and depletes nutrient and oxygen rapidly from water bodies, adversely
affecting flora and fauna.
The population of water hyacinths increases rapidly and from various journals and review papers it is
found that the number of water hyacinth plants doubled every 11.2 to 15 days with a standard densities
of 300 to 442 tons per hectare. It varies from place to place depending on the climatic conditions and
characteristics of the water. The most favourable water temperature range for the Water hyacinths to
grow most rapidly is from 28
o
to 30
o
C and at a pH from 4.0 to 8.0. Above 40
o
C and below 10
o
C they
cease to grow. These characteristics of the water hyacinth is made it major ecological and economic
problem in this century in the tropics and subtropical regions. Under favourable conditions) water
hyacinth can achieve a growth rate of 17.5 metric tons per hectare per day. Shoeb and Singh (2002)
With the growing population across the world the energy consumption has increased steadily over the
years. Biogas is one of the most important renewable bio-fuel which is becoming important to face the
challenges arising from the concern for the exhausting oil reserves, rising crude oil price and greenhouse
gas effects. Over the years it has become a great challenge to face the menace of water hyacinth.
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The discrepancies among environmental agencies, scientists and the policy makers on the way to control
this invasive water plant for practical benefit has resulted the need for a new perspective to manage
these species, understanding and implementing their marketability as potential bio-fuel crop (Lu J., Fu Z.
and Yin Z. (2008).
To meet the energy crisis supplemented by environmental concerns, biogas production by anaerobic
digestion of water hyacinth can serve as a biomass-to-energy generation alternative. It can play an
important role in water hyacinth management problems and environmental concerns as well as provide
a renewable energy opening further research opportunities to develop technologies on biogas
production
Figure 1 and 2 : A generalized sketch of water hyacinth plants showing the growth form which
occurs in dense mats (A) with an opening axillary bud (B) and an older ramet (C) as compared to
the growth form which occurs in more open situations (D). the inflated petiole.
Figure 3. Global Water Hyacinth distribution (Theur 2013)
Figure 1 has been removed for publication. Figure 2 has been removed for publication.
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Figure 4. The samples collected from River Hooghly in Ichapur, North 24 Parganas,
West Bengal, India and Sun dried for lab experiments
1.1
MOTIVATION
Although the global presence of water hyacinth is over 100 years but the threat to the ecosystem was
seriously taken in the latter half of the 20
th
century. Lots of research were conducted in several
countries in the tropic and sub-tropic region on water hyacinth control since then (Gopal 1987).
Various techniques were tried upon but no successful solution were identified to eradicate and control
water hyacinth. This failure had resulted in the investigation of the potential use of water hyacinth as a
biomass. From various literatures it can be concluded that water hyacinth can be processed into several
products. Production of biogas in the small scale using water hyacinth as biomass were found to be
successful to a great extent (Pyöry, 2014) (Serigas, 2014).
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In literature there are no description for any large scale projects and most the projects were focused on
the production of bio-fuel, fertilizer and fibres. Protein extraction described in literature were no been
tried as a project although small scale bio refineries for grass and other aquatic plants are tried as a pilot
project.
With the aid of further research in the near future the extraction of specific proteins and other
substances from water hyacinth might prove to potentially viable. The aim of this thesis is to assess if
anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth to produce biogas is feasible and what conditions are required to
make processing successful.
Based on this research it is clear that water hyacinth has the potential to produce biogas substantially
but to make it economically viable specific research is needed to explore the use of cattle manure or
similar biomass as co-digestate.
1.2
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this thesis is to determine whether Anaerobic digestion is feasible to use it as a method to
utilize water hyacinth as an integrated part of solving the water hyacinth problem.
The main objectives of this thesis are:
1.
What is the possible future of water hyacinth as a potential feedstock for Bio-energy
production?
2.
Whether socio-economic and techno-commercial impact behind using water hyacinth as the
prime feedstock for bio-energy production.
3.
What are the factors that will affect the increase of production of bio-energy using co digestions
with animal waste or other agricultural feedstock?
4.
How can we effectively use microbial fuel cell (MFC) as a challenges to use in generation of
electricity from water hyacinth.
5.
What are the other recommended solutions on how to promote the promotion of using water
hyacinth as the source of bio-energy that could sustain the financial stability and trading of fuel
and energy resources?
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2.
BACKGROUND
Figure 5. The menace of Water Hyacinth
2.1 THE MENACE EXPLAINED:
2.1.1. THE
PROBLEM
With its rapid mat-like proliferation causes a varieties of problems. Apart from covering areas of fresh
water it creates an imbalance in the ecosystem as a whole. Some of the common problems due to water
hyacinths are as follows:
x Hindrance to ships and other water transports : The mat of water hyacinths at the entry and exit
area of the dock can hinder the access to harbour and docking. As from the pictures above one
can easily notice that canals and freshwater rivers can clog up with dense carpet of water
hyacinth and become impassable.
x Clogging at the intake points of water supply, irrigation and hydropower systems: To the best of
my knowledge Bakreshwar Power plant in West Bengal, India has got a serious problem at the
intake point due to water weeds that are hampering the pumping of water from the reservoir. A
(Figure 5 has been removed for publication.)
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Based on some presumptions a biogas plant model using water hyacinth and cattle manure as co-
digestate the cost benefit analysis are calculated including the simple payback period and break even
analysis to assess the theoretical feasibility of a 100 Kilo watt capacity water hyacinth processing
project.
1.6.
RESEARCH SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The scope of this thesis is focussed on the utilization of water hyacinth as a feedstock for generating
biogas and study the feasibility to establish that producing biogas from Water Hyacinth using Anaerobic
Digestion could be one of the best acceptable solution to tackle the menace of Water Hyacinth across
the globe.
It is observed that either there is lack of knowledge about the value chain of water hyacinth or the
reluctance in the utilization as source of bio-energy. The most effective utilization of water hyacinth
using anaerobic digestion is possible by the bringing in proper legislation and support at the
Government level which can encourage investors.
There are lots of topics that are out of scope due to time and resource limitations, e.g the metal
contents of the roots and utilization of roots with high concentration of heavy metals as building block
materials.
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2.
BACKGROUND
2.1 THE MENACE EXPLAINED:
2.1.1. THE
PROBLEM
With its rapid mat-like proliferation causes a varieties of problems. Apart from covering areas of fresh
water it creates an imbalance in the ecosystem as a whole. Some of the common problems due to water
hyacinths are as follows:
x Hindrance to ships and other water transports : The mat of water hyacinths at the entry and exit
area of the dock can hinder the access to harbour and docking. As from the pictures above one
can easily notice that canals and freshwater rivers can clog up with dense carpet of water
hyacinth and become impassable.
x Clogging at the intake points of water supply, irrigation and hydropower systems: To the best of
my knowledge Bakreshwar Power plant in West Bengal, India has got a serious problem at the
intake point due to water weeds that are hampering the pumping of water from the reservoir. A
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substantial amount of money is being spend for clearing the weed to prevent it entering the
turbine and causing damage and power interruptions. In some of the world's major dams water
hyacinth has become a major problem·
x Flood due to blockage of canals and rivers: Due to the fast growth rate and matting density it
can form a herbivorous barrage that can cause damaging and dangerous flooding in rivers and
canals unless proper management is not considered.
x The breeding ground for Micro-habitat for a variety of disease vectors: The water bodies
infested by water hyacinths can cause a major public health problems. It provides a perfect
breeding ground for diseases like malaria, schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis. Some species
of mosquito larvae thrive on the environment created by the presence of aquatic weeds.
x Decreased evaporation: Some literature mentioned that the rate of water loss due to
evaporation can be as much as 1.8 times that of evaporation from the same surface but free of
plants. This can contribute to global warming and has great implications where water is already
scarce.
x Problems related to fishing : The water hyacinth clogged lakes and water bodies can create
many problems for the fisherman. Access to fishing site becomes difficult, damage of fishing
equipments like nets or lines which gets entangled with the roots. The motor blade of are fishing
boats or trawlers gets choked. Overall it effects in the reduction in catch and subsequent loss of
livelihood. In the areas where fishing is the main source of living it creates a serious socio-
economic problems.
x Water temperature: It is also noted that, in areas where there is much water hyacinth
infestation, the water temperature increases and becomes still and it becomes warm enough to
drive the fish away from the area and provide a favourable for reptiles like crocodile and snake .
x Reduction of biodiversity: Many aquatic plants have difficulty in surviving where water hyacinth
is prolific. The creates a great imbalance in the aquatic micro-ecosystem resulting the extinction
or near extinction of a range of fauna that relies on a diversity of plant life for its existence. It
effects the diversity of fish species with some benefiting and some suffering. The quality
deterioration of the localized water is also observed. The actual evaluation is not done because
of the geographical complexity of the distribution of water hyacinth population, the surrounding
community and localized environment. It is a great challenge to evaluate the actual scale of the
problem to work out a possible ways to combating its proliferation unless proper research is
done.
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2.1.2. POTENTIAL UTILIZATION OF WATER HYACINTHS:
1.
Waste water treatment as metal absorbent.
2.
Power Alcohol production : Relatively high content of hemicelluloses and appreciable amount
of crude protein in water hyacinth indicates that it could be a good source of hemicelluloses for
bio-conversion. But further research and developments are needed for a feasible solution.
3.
Biogas production: The most acceptable and time proven technology that can accommodate
water hyacinths as a substrate. However the lower biogas yield and need of larger digester size
due to high water content and entrapped air in the plant demands the need of pre-treatment to
optimize the biogas production.
4.
Compost: The low cost, labour intensive and usage of conventional composting technique.
Substantial research work are done in India on vermin-composting using earthworms and did
not have any adverse effect on the growth of flower and vegetable plants. But if the water
hyacinths are collected from the water polluted with heavy metal beyond permissible limits
then the compost may have adverse effects.
5.
Animal Fodder / Fish feed: the high water and mineral contents apart from the crude protein is
found to be suitable as animal feed. The dehydrated plants can serve as a diet supplement to
fish.
6.
Others:
6.1 The fibres from the stems are used to make ropes, basket and even hand made papers if
blended with jute or waste papers. In India, Philippines, Indonesia, Kenya and China it
provided employment to some.
6.2 Usage as a pulp material for producing waterproof paper.
6.3 In production of fibreboard for varieties of end use like using as a biruminized board for low
cost roofing, fancy Indoor partition walls etc.
6.4 Briquetting of charcoal dust from the pyrolysis of water hyacinth.
6.5 Use as medicinal plant by various natives in India, Africa and South America.
It can be used for waste water treatment. Water Hyacinth is an excellent water de-pollutant. Its ability
to remove lead, cadmium, and mercury from the water had proved very effective in treating the waste
water discharged from various Paint and Textile industries across the globe.
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2.1.3 TECHNOLOGY GUIDED UTILIZATION
.Possible utilization of water hyacinths where there are enough potential:
1.
Bio-ethanol from water hyacinth
2.
As a substrate for plant microbial fuel cell to clean water and produce electricity
3.
As bio-absorbent of heavy metal from waste water
4.
Bio-production of Microbial plastics
5.
Co-digest for biogas plant with cattle manure or poultry litters.
6.
Hydrogen production by dark and photo fermentations
2.2 POSSIBLE
CONTROL
Over the last five decade various control methods are tried and tested to control and manage the
menace of water hyacinths. Chemical control using herbicides had an adverse effect to the ecosystem as
a whole because it had an adverse effect on the water where the weed grows. Biological control were
also tried using several kind of animal viruses, bacteria and even
2.2.1
CONTROL MECHANISM OF WATER HYACINTH
The most common mechanism that had been tried over the years for preventing the spreading of water
hyacinth or in other words combating the menace of water hyacinth are the following main mechanism
but each have their own drawbacks:
x Biological control:
Varieties of weevils, moths, insects, fungi and some specific fungal pathogens are experimented
with. In the Victoria Lake in Kenya specific weevil were tested but could not provide a long term
permanent solution. Although the control process are inexpensive yet the local Governments of
the infested regions are reluctant in designing proper legislations and guidelines. The main
drawback is the long period required by the insects or fungi to reach sufficient density to tackle
the problem water hyacinth mass.,
~ 19 ~
x Chemical control :
The least acceptable control mechanism due to the fact that in the long term it can have an
adverse effect to the environment, ecosystem and the local inhibitants.
x Physical control:
The most common control mechanism in practice, using special mower or harvesting machines,
dredgers or manual extraction methods. Although these generates localised employment but is
a short time solution and not suitable for for a large infestation.
Thus it is clear that for long term control mechanism biological control is the most widely favoured ,
relatively easy to use, and
providing the only economic and sustainable control.
3. METHODOLOGY
The following methods were used to for the techno economic feasibility study of anaerobic
digestion of Water Hyacinth:
x Data collection and assessment (Online resources)
x Sample collection and sun-drying
x Sample analysis for total solids and Volatile solids
x Estimating the digester size for experiment
x Anaerobic digestion for experimental procedure
x Potential gas yield calculations.
x Post digestion analysis for Total solids and Volatile solids
x Sample analysis (Pre and Post digestion) for Carbohydrate, Protein
x Sample analysis (Pre and Post digestion) for NDF,ADF and ADL
x Analysis for VFA, COD and NSCH for C:N Ratio
x
Economic analysis
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3.1 DATA
COLLECTION
AND
ASSESSMENT
Information and data were collected from the internet on water hyacinths its characteristics and biogas
from water hyacinth. From various published research papers, journals etc necessary data were
collected which are either used as a reference or for comparing with my findings.
3.2. SAMPLE
COLLECTION
AND
SUN-DRYING
The fresh water hyacinth samples were collected from the bed of the river Hooghly in Ichapur, North 24
Parganas, West Bengal, India and then sundried for a period of three weeks before bringing to the
laboratory.
The roots and shoots were separated, a portion of each were ground using a blender at the lab. The
ground sample are then sieved using 2mm screen and stored in different containers which are properly
marked.
3.3.
SAMPLE ANALYSIS FOR TOTAL SOLIDS AND VOLATILE SOLIDS
The fresh water hyacinth samples were collected from the bed of the river Hooghly in Ichapur, North 24
Parganas, West Bengal, India and then sundried for a period of three weeks before bringing to the
laboratory.
The roots and shoots were separated, a portion of each were ground using a blender at the lab. The
ground sample are then sieved using 2mm screen and stored in different containers which are properly
marked.
3.3.1
SOLID CONTENT ( TS AND VS )
Total solid: (TS)
The TS of the samples was determined by drying samples to a constant mass at 105°C in the furnace.
The following steps are followed:
x Beakers (100ml) were first placed into the furnace kept at 550°C for 60 minutes to burn off all
the residual organic matters if any in the beaker.
x The beakers left to cool to room temperature in the dessicator.
x Once cool, the mass of the empty beakers are recorded. (W1)
x Added sample (5-15gms) and the resulting mass is recorded. (W2)
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x
The beaker is then kept into the furnace at 105°C for 24 hours until a constant mass is obtained
and then cooled to room temperature in the dessicator and the mass is recorded. (W3)
The TS of the sample was then calculated using the equation
TS= (W2-W1)x100
(W2-W1)
Where
:
TS
-
Total solids in the sample (%)
W2 - Mass of beaker and sample prior to drying (g)
W3- Mass of beaker and sample after drying (g)
W1
-
Mass of beaker (g)
3.3.2. VOLATILE
SOLID: (VS)
Once TS determined VS is by adding a further step by placing the dried sample (W3) into the furnace at
550°C for 4 hours and then the mass is recorded after cooling in a dessicator to room temperature.
The VS content of the samples in terms of dry weight is calculated using the equation
VS
(DW)
=(W3-W4) x 100
(W3-W1)
Where:
VS
(DW)
- Volatile solids in the sample according to dry weight (%)
W1
-
Mass of beaker (g)
W3
-
Mass of beaker and sample after drying (g)
W4
-
Mass of beaker and sample after incineration (g)
The VS may also be presented in terms of wet weight of sample
as follows:
VS
(WW)
= (
W2
-
W4) x100
(W2
-
W3)
Where
:
VS
(WW)
=
Volatile solids in the sample according to wet weight (g)
W1
-
Mass of beaker (g)
W2 - Mass of beaker and sample prior to drying (g)
W3 - Mass of beaker and sample after drying (g)
W4
-
Mass of beaker and sample after burning (g)
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3.3.3. DRY
MATTER
%
(DM)
DETERMINATION
Total Dry Matter by Oven Drying for 2 hr at 105
o
C
Samples are weighed before and after the drying.
Procedure:
Empty beaker are weighed.(W1)
Sample added in the beaker and weighed. (W2)
The beaker with sample is kept in the oven at 105
o
C for two hours. Cooled to room temperature in
dessicator and weighed. (W3)
Calculation: Percent Total Dry Matter (Total DM)
% Total DM
= (W3 W1) X 100
(W2 W1)
Where W1= weight of beaker in grams
W2 = initial weight of sample and beaker in grams
W3 = dry weight of sample and beaker in grams
3.3.4. ESTIMATING THE DIGESTER SIZE FOR EXPERIMENT:
The first consideration to set up the digester is the ratio of feedstock and the inoculums. The ratio in
consideration is 1:1.
To determine the size of the digester the VS of the feedstock along with the VS of sewage sludge as
inoculums is used for calculation.
TS
VS
Whole
87.48
65.41
Shoots
87.98
62.01
Roots
91.98
43.58
Sludge
3.36
2.11
Table1
On the basis mass of sludge into consideration as 400 gms
Keeping the factor as 1:1
From sludge : (400x2.11)/100 =8.44
Hence for the mass of Shoots to be added to 400gms of Sludge :
Xs = (8.44x100)/62.01 = 13.62 gms
~ 23 ~
And the mass of Roots be added to 400gms of Sludge:
Xr = (8.44x100)/43.58 = 19.37 gms
Once the proportion of feedstock and the sludge is calculated then a duplicate set of the digester jars
are prepared to be put in the agitator/ incubator for digestion. The incubator is kept at a constant
temperature of 40 degree.
Five sets were made as follows:Sludge
Sludge + Whole Roots
Sludge + Ground Roots
Sludge + Whole Shoots
Sludge + Ground Shoots.
3.3.5. METHANE PRODUCTION DATA COLLECTION:
To monitor and record the data of the production of Methane gas from the individual digester the wet
tip process is used. To set up the individual wet tip they are calibrated averaging three reading to
determine the gas produced in a single tip. This process is repeated for each tips which are connected.
In our experiment 10 such tips were engaged.
The gas produced in the incubator in airtight digester(anaerobic) jars comes out through a outlet pipe
and passes through a jar filled with NaOH solution with colour indicator (blue when saturated) which
serves as a CO2 scrubber. Hence the final output from the scrubber is purely methane (CH4).
From the CO2 scrubber it goes to the Wet tip bottle tank and subsequently the tips are recorder in the
computer and using a specific software it is analysed to monitor and record the cumulative production
of gas produced from the individual samples.
With the assistance of the recorded cumulative gas yield and the designated software aided system
the gas yield is calculated.
~ 24 ~
3.3.6. NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER IN FEEDS FILTER BAG TECHNIQUE,
ANKOM TECHNOLOGY METHOD
This method to determines Neutral Detergent Fiber is used for our experimental analysis. The residue
remaining after digesting in a detergent solution are the fiber residues which are predominantly
hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin.
Reagent: For our experiment a 5L solution is prepared adding proportionate ratio of the prescribed
chemicals.
For the extraction procedure the following reagents is needed.
1.
Neutral Detergent Solution: In 1 L distilled deionised H
2
O
Sodium dodecyl sulphate
30.0 g,
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic
18.61g
EDTA
disodium salt, dihydrate;
Sodium
borate;
6.81
g
Sodium phosphate dibasic,
4.56 g anhydrous;
Triethylene
glycol,
10.0
ml
Check pH range to 6.9 to 7.1.
Agitate and heat to aid solution. (Necessary Safety measures taken)
2.
Alpha-amylase--Heat-stable bacterial alphaamylase.
3.
Sodium sulfite--Na2SO3, anhydrous.
Apparatus :
The basic apparatus needed are Analytical Balance to weigh 0.1mg, Oven for drying extracted samples at
105 °C, Filter bags constructed from chemically inert and heat resistant filter media which can be sealed
and can retain 25 micron particles allowing rapid solution penetrations, the heat sealer and marking pen
which is solvent and acid resistant.
The main and the most important is the Digestion instrument--capable of performing the digestion at
100±0.5°C and maintaining a pressure of 10-25 psi. In the experiment in the laboratory (ANKOM200, 65
rpm agitation, ANKOM Technology) is used . The instrument is capable of creating a similar flow around
each sample to ensure uniformity of extraction.
~ 25 ~
Procedure:
1.
The samples are grinded and sieved with 1 mm screen before filling the bags.
2.
Using the solvent resistant marker label the filter bags and then weigh the bag (W1) and zero
balance it.
Note--Do not pre-dry filter bags; any moisture will be accounted for by the blank bag
correction.
3.
Weigh 0.45-0.55 g of prepared sample (W2) directly in filter bag. Avoid placing the sample on
the upper 4 mm of the bag.
4.
Using a heat sealer, completely seal the upper edge of the filter bag within 4 mm of the top.
Note--Sufficient heat is used to completely seal the filter bag and allowed enough cool time (2
sec) before removing the bag from the heat sealer.
5.
Weighed one blank bag and included in the run to determine the blank bag correction (C1) in
the equation.
Processing:
Once ready with the samples used a set of 24 sample bags for each run, added 1900- 2000mL of
ambient ND solution to the fiber analyzer vessel. Added 20 g (0.5 g/50mL of ND solution) of sodium
sulfite and 4.0 mL of alpha-amylase to the solution in the vessel and closed the lid.
Selected the extraction option as NDF in the Instrument and started extraction process. At end of
extraction the bags are taken out and rinsed with hot water with alpha-amylase added to it and
repeated for three times. On completion of the rinse process the samples are gently pressed to drain
out the excess water
Add 1900mL of (70-90°C) rinse water and 4.0 mL of alpha-amylase to the first and second rinses. Turn
Agitate on and rinse for 5 min. The lid may be sealed with the Heat on or left open with the Heat off.
Repeat hot water rinses a total of three times.
Placed the bags in a 250 mL beaker and added enough acetone to cover bags and soak for 3-5 min. The
bags were removed from acetone and placed on wire screen to air-dry and when completely dry left the
bags in the oven at 105°C for 2-4 hours.
Finally removed the bags from oven, place directly into a collapsible desiccant pouch and flatten to
remove air. Once cool to ambient temperature the bags are weighed (W3)
~ 26 ~
Note--All necessary safety measures were followed.
Calculations
% NDF (as-received basis)
=
(W3 - (W1 x C1)) x 100
W2
NDF
DM
(DM basis)
=
(W3 - (W1 x C1)) x 100
W2 x DM
Where: W1 = Empty Bag weight
W2 = Sample weight
W3 = Dried weight of bag with fibre after extraction process
C1 = Blank bag correction (running average of final oven-dried weight
divided by the original blank bag weight)
DM = Dry matter percentage of the sample
In our calculations we have used the formula for (DM Basis) using the DM % of the individual samples
which were determined before the start of the extraction process.
3.3.7. ACID DETERGENT FIBER ,FILTER BAG METHOD
Using this method Acid Detergent Fiber is determined. After the digestion with H2SO4 and CTA the
residual fibre are predominantly cellulose and lignin. In our experiment we have used the samples which
has gone through the NDF extraction process.
Apparatus : Identical to the NDF extraction process
Reagent : For our experiment we have made a 5L solution adding in proportion.
Acid Detergent Solution--
Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)
20 g
H2SO4
to
1
L
1.00N
Samples : We have used the sample bags already gone through NDF extractions:
Used the initial weight of the empty bag before NDF extraction(W1)
Weighed the bag gone through NDF extraction (W2)
Used one blank bag weighed before NDF extraction to determine blank bag correction (C1)
~ 27 ~
Procedure: Selected the option as ADF in ANKOM2000 and followed the same procedure as the NDF
extraction except the use of the solution. Here in this case used the AD solution as prepared.
On completion of the ADF extraction the bags are rinsed with hot water and in the similar process
submerged them in acetone , soaked for 3-5 minutes, air-dried and put them in the oven at 105°C and
kept for 2-4 hours.
Cool to ambient temperature and weighed the bags.(W3)
Calculations:
% ADF (as-received basis)
=
(W3 - (W1 x C1)) x 100
W2
ADF
DM
(DM basis)
=
(W3 - (W1 x C1)) x 100
W2 x DM
Where: W1 = Empty Bag weight
W2
=
Sample
weight
(after
NDF extraction in the experiment)
W3 = Dried weight of bag with fibre after extraction process
C1 = Blank bag correction (running average of final oven-dried weight divided by
original blank bag weight)
DM = Dry matter percentage of the sample
In our calculations we have used the formula for (DM Basis) using the DM % of the individual samples
which were determined before the start of the extraction process. The ADF extraction was done on the
sample which had already gone through NDF extraction process. So the effective percentage is the
based on the cumulative results.
3.3.8 METHOD FOR DETERMINING ACID DETERGENT LIGNIN IN BEAKERS ANKOM Technology
This process is followed by the ADF extraction process and the bags after the extraction of ADF is rinsed ,
acetone washed , air-dried and finally dried in the oven at 105 ° C for 3-4 hours.
Reagent:
Sulphuric acid (72% by weight) which is mixed manually by adding 1200g H2SO4 to
440 ml H2O and cooled at 20° C.
After performing ADF determinations, the dried bags are placed into 3L beaker and add sufficient
quantity (approximately 250 ml) of 72% H2SO4 to cover bags. A 2L beaker is used to help keeping the
~ 28 ~
bags submerged in the H2SO4 solution. The bags are agitated 30 times every 30 minutes before draining
H2SO4 after 3 hours.
Rinsed with tap water to make sure that all acid are removed. One rinsed then rinsed with acetone and
then air-dried before putting in the oven at 105° C for 2-4 hours.
After taking out of the oven and cooled in the dessicator the bags are weighed (W3). Finally the bags are
put in the oven at 525° C in a pre weighed beaker to calculate weight loss (W4).
The blank bag is calculated for ash correction (C2) which has s sequentially run through ADF extraction.
Calculation (percentage)
ADL (as-received basis) =
(W3 - (W1 x C1)) x 100
W2
ADL
DM
(DM basis)
=
(W3 - (W1 x C1)) x 100
W2 x DM
ADL
OM
(DM basis)
=
(W4 - (W1 x C2)) x 100
W2 x DM
Where: W1 = Bag tare weight
W2 = Sample weight
W3= Weight after extraction process
W4 = Weight of Organic Matter (OM)
(Loss of weight on ignition of bag and fibre residue)
C1 = Blank bag correction (final oven-dried weight/original blank bag weight)
C2 = Ash corrected blank bag (Loss of weight on ignition of bag/original blank bag)
DM = Dry matter percentage of the sample
In our calculations we have used the formula for (DM Basis) using the DM % of the individual samples
which were determined before the start of the extraction process. The ADL extraction was done on the
sample which had already gone through NDF and ADF extraction process done simultaneously. So the
effective percentage is the based on the cumulative results.
3.3.9. DETERMINATION OF SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES
Procedure: A standard stock of Glucose is prepared by adding 200mg in 1L Deionised water(DI) and
Dilution samples of glucose stock is prepared
Reagent :
5% Ethanol
H
2
SO
4
~ 29 ~
Dilution sample of standard stock of glucose
Dilution of glucose
Glucose Stock (mL)
DI H
2
O (mL)
Concentration
0.0
10.0
0 mg/L
1.25
8.75
25 mg/L
2.5
7.5
50 mg/L
3.75
6.25
75 mg/l
5.0
5.0
100 mg/L
7.5
2.5
150 mg/L
9.0
1.0
180 mg/L
10.0
0.0
200 mg/L
Table2
In a glass test tube using a pipette 400 L of each samples including the standard glucose sample are
added with 400 L 5% Phenol (5 mL in 100 mL) + 2 mL H
2
S0
4
leave for 30 mins after vortex.
Set at single wavelength of 490 nm for the photometer.
Measure at Abs. 490 nm and before start zero with blank.
The recoded data from the standard glucose stock and plotted to determine the standard slope and
which is used as a reference to determine the Carbohydrate concentration of individual samples from
their individual values.
~ 30 ~
3.3.10. ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN BY LOWRY'S METHOD
The Lowry method is sensitive to pH changes and therefore the pH of assay solution should be
maintained at 10 - 10.5.
Reagents
A.
NaK Tartrate
2gms in 1L
+
Na2CO3
100gms
in
1L
+ 0.1N Molar NaoH
500 ml ( 40 gms in 1L)
Reagents
B.
NaK Tartrate
2gms in 100ml
+ CuSO4
1 gm in 100 ml
+
0.1N
Molar
NaoH
10
ml
Reagents
C.
Folin (1:15)
10 ml + 150 ml (DI water)
Reagents
D.
BSA
0.2 mg per ml (20mg per 100 ml DI water)
Procedure: Prepare the BSA Standard stock like protein (Dilution of BSA)
BSA Stock (mL)
DI H
2
O (mL)
Concentration
0.0
10.0
0 mg/L
1.25
8.75
25 mg/L
2.5
7.5
50 mg/L
3.75
6.25
75 mg/l
5.0
5.0
100 mg/L
7.5
2.5
150 mg/L
10.0
0.0
200 mg/L
Table 3
Step 1. Add 0.9 ml of Reagent A to 1 ml of the sample
Step 2. Heat at 50
o
C for 10 minutes and allow to cool
Step 3. Add 0.1 ml of Reagent B and leave at room temperature for 10 min.
Step 4. Add 3 ml of Reagent 3 and heat at 50
o
C for 10 minutes and allow to cool.
Step 5. Measure the Absorption using the photometer set at 650 nm Wave length.
Results:
Plotted the graph based on the standard BSA stock of assigned dilution and compared the results of the
samples to determine the Protein content of the specific sample in consideration.
~ 31 ~
3.3.11 VOLATILE FATTY ACID (VFA) ANALYSIS
The post digestion samples were taken for VFA analysis.
Reagents and samples used:
1.
Na2Hso4
1.
2 Ethylbutyric acid as internal standard
2.
Samples categorised as Sludge, Whole roots, Ground Roots, Whole shoots and Ground shoots.
Procedure: In the test tubes assigned and marked for individual samples in triplicates
1.
2ml of the sample added with
2.
1 ml of Na2Hso4 and
3.
0.1 ml of 2Ethylbutyric acid
Finally the samples are put for analysis using spectrophotometer.The absorbance was measured at 495
nm by spectrophotometer for each samples and the average values are recorded as results.
3.3.12 NITROGEN, CARBON, SULPHUR HYDROGEN (NCSH) ANALYSIS
Elemental analyses of total nitrogen and carbon and sulphur was performed to get some idea of the
composition of the organic matter of water hyacinth which are based on total organic carbon/total
nitrogen [C/N] ratios.
Reagent and apparatus:
1.
Sulphanilic acid
2.
Tin capsule (Boat)
Procedure:
The total nitrogen, carbon, and sulphur was determined using a CHNS analyser in the University
laboratory.
Step 1. In the Tin capsule ass 9-11 mg of Sulphanilic acid, weigh in the scale and zero it out
Step 2. Add 4-6 mg of the samples in quadruplets and seal the tin capsule
Step 3. Put them in the Analyser at the assigned holders and register the samples in the
computer system integrated to the analyser.
Step 4. The records are finally recorded and average value of each sample is used to for
elementary analysis of CHNS.
~ 32 ~
Technology :
For the CHNS analysis, dried and crushed (using ball mill) samples (individual samples) weighed (4-6 mg)
and mixed with an oxidizer Sulphanilic acid in a tin capsule, which is then combusted in a reactor at
1000°C. The samples and container melt, and the tin promotes a violent reaction (flash combustion) in a
temporarily enriched oxygen atmosphere.
The combustion products CO
2
, SO
2
, and NO
2
are then carried by a constant flow of carrier gas (helium)
that passes through a glass column packed with an oxidation catalyst of tungsten trioxide (WO
3
) and a
copper reducer, both kept at 1000°C.
At this temperature, the nitrogen oxide is reduced to N
2
. The N
2
, CO
2
, and SO
2
are then transported by
the helium and separated. The chromatographic responses are calibrated against pre-analysed
standards, and the CHNS elemental contents are reported in weight percent.
3.3.13 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) ANALYSIS
To determine the quantity of oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter in a water hyacinth sample,
under specific conditions of oxidizing agent, temperature, and time the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
method is used.
Reagent used :
1.
Digestion Solution (Pre-prepared in the laboratory)
2.
Silver Sulphate solution
Procedure:
Step 1.
2.5 ml of the sample is taken in a test tube
Step 2
1.5 ml of Digestion solution is added and
Step 3.
3.0 ml of Silver nitrate solution is added.
The colour of the sample is noted. The basic guidelines is that:
Yellow to Amber is within acceptable range
Green is out of range.
Finally the samples are put for analysis using spectrophotometer.The absorbance was measured by
spectrophotometer for each samples and the average values are recorded as results.
~ 33 ~
4. RESULTS
4.1 TABLES AND GRAPHS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Figure 6
Figure 7
TS
VS
Sludge
92.69
51.66
Whole Root
94
45.53
Ground root
94.19
46.49
Whole shoot
93.14
57.49
Ground shoot
92.29
69.52
Shoot
90.37
71.55
Root
89.32
47.95
Pre Root
92.81
51.44
Pre Root
91.85
60.19
Table 5
TS
VS
Whole
87.48
65.41
Shoots
87.98
65.02
Roots
91.98
43.58
Sludge
3.36
2.11
Table4
~ 34 ~
Figure 8
%DM
Sludge
92.69
Whole Root
94.00
Grounded Root
94.19
Whole Shoot
93.14
Grounded Shoot
92.29
Shoot Post Digest
90.37
Root Post Digest
89.32
Roots Pre digest
92.81
Shoots Pre digest
91.85
Table 6
~ 35 ~
CH4 YIELD IN TWO SETS : ONE UPTO 19 DAYS AND THE OTHER UPTO 42 DAYS OF DIGESTION
Figure9
UPTO 19 DAYS OF DIGESTION
Figure 10
~ 36 ~
UPTO 42 DAYS OF DIGESTION
Figure 11
UPTO 42 DAYS OF DIGESTION
Figure 12
~ 37 ~
COMPARATIVE CHART OF THE YIELD AFTER 19 DAYS AND 42 DAYS OF DIGESTION
Figure13
CH4 YIELD AFTER 42 DAYS OF DIGESTION
Figure 14
CH4 YIELD AFTER 19 DAYS OF DIGESTION
Figure 15
~ 38 ~
VOLATILE FATTY ACID
Figure 16
Table 7
Acetic
Acid
(mg/l)
Propionic
Acid
i-Butyric
Acid
n-
Butyric
Acid
i-Valeric
Acid
Total
VFA
Sludge
90
9
11
14
15
139
Whole
Root
59 13 11 15 15 113
Ground
Root
160
12 11 20 15 218
Whole
Shoot
54 14 11 15 15 109
Ground
Shoot
191
13 11 17 15 247
~ 39 ~
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD mg/kg)
Figure 17
COF (mg/l)
Sludge 1
232
Sludge2
247.33
Pre Shoot
148.33
PreRoot
184.67
Shoot
145
Root
184.33
Post Sludge
76.33
Post Whole Root
151.67
Post Ground Root
137
Post Whole Shoot
234.67
Post Ground Shoot
116.33
Table 8
~ 40 ~
BI CARBONATE ALKALINITY MEASUREMENT / pH MEASUREMENT
Samples :
x From the digester setup one set of bottles were taken out and one set left for further
methane production.
x 20ml of each sample taken and 20ml of DI (Deionised water) is added to make the
sample solution for further test and investigations
BA Test / Measurement:
Measuring chemical equivalent alkalinity
Carbonate equivalent alkalinity
The measurement is taken for the grinded one's. The whole one's are not done
Sl.
Sample
R1
R2
R3
1. Sludge
6.61
24.12
0.28
2. Sludge
+
Roots
(Gr)
5.99
39.23
0.37
3. Sludge
+
Shoots
(Gr)
6.05
38.47
0.24
Tablr 9
pH Measurement :
The pH of the samples in the bottle was measured using pH meter (Mettler Toledo)
x pH Buffer used for reference
Yellow :
7.2
Pink: 4.2
Sl. Bottle No.
Samples
pH
.
1.
1
Sludge
7.8
2.
3
Sludge + Roots (Whole)
7.5
3.
5
Sludge + Roots (Grinded)
7.6
4.
7
Sludge + Shoots (Whole)
7.5
5.
9
Sludge + Shoots (Grinded)
7.6
Table 10
~ 41 ~
Figure 18
Figure 19
Nitrogen Carbon Sulphur Hydrogen CNRatio
Whote Root
0.39
5.42
0.17
0.89
13.77
Whole Shoots
0.51
6.68
0.21
1.08
13.11
Predigest Root
0.18
3.00
0.13
0.51
16.40
PreDigest Shoot
0.33
4.85
0.12
0.80
14.71
Sludge
0.51
6.32
0.26
1.02
12.30
Post Whole Root
0.59
7.02
0.25
1.15
11.93
Post Ground Root
0.62
7.15
0.24
1.18
11.60
Post Whole Shoot
0.61
6.78
0.23
1.13
11.19
Post Ground Shoot
0.58
6.24
0.19
1.04
10.73
Table 11
~ 42 ~
Figure20
Figure 21
Figure 22
~ 43 ~
COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF NDF and ADF
Figure 23
COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF NDF, ADF and ADL
Figure 24
NDF%
ADF%
ADL%
Sludge
51.98
42.05
21.88
Whole Root
67.98
45.66
19.57
Whole Shoot
55.35
38.55
16.47
Groun Root
59.01
43.00
20.73
Ground shoot
46.37
32.68
11.08
Shoot
66.21
37.11
16.60
Root
73.32
51.84
22.06
Pre Root
52.13
35.77
14.13
Pre shoot
60.23
46.05
23.61
Table 12
~ 44 ~
Figure 25
Carbohydrate (mg/kg)
Root
200.82
Shoot
288.12
Whole root
365.61
Whole shoot
436.93
Sludge
57.89
Post Whole Root
211.54
Post Whole Shoot
155.83
Post Ground Root
206.58
Post Ground Shoot
207.32
Table 13
Figure 26
Protein (g/kg)
Root
190.54
Shoot
221.15
Whole root
256.86
Whole shoot
220.06
Sludge
40.57
Post Whole Root
169.95
Post Whole Shoot
127.45
Post Ground Root
198.66
Post Ground Shoot
200.57
Table14
~ 45 ~
Figure27
Chemical analysis of water hyacinths of the collected sample
Parameter (% on DM basis)
Whole
Root
Ground
Root
Whole
Shoot
Ground
Shoot
Whole
DM (% on Sun dried sample)
94.00
94.19
93.14
92.29
DM (% Fresh water hyacinth)
9.02
9.04
8.94
8.86
8.97
Organic matter (VS)
45.58
65.02
65.41
Crude Protein (g/kg)
256.86
220.06
238.46
Carbohydrate (g/kg)
365.61
436.93
401.27
C/N Ratio
13.77
13.11
13.44
Neutral Detergent Fibre (% NDF)
67.98
59.01
55.35
46.37
Acid detergent Fibre (%ADF)
42.05
43.00
38.55
32.68
Acid detergent Lignin (%ADL)
19.57
20.73
16.47
11.08
Nitrogen
0.39
0.51
0.45
Carbon
5.42
6.68
6.05
Sulphur
0.17
0.21
0.19
Hydrogen
0.89
1.08
0.99
Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA)
113.00
218.00
109.00
247.00
171.75
Chemical Oxygen demand (COD)
184.67
148.33
166.50
Based on1.5 kgs of sun-dried sample from 15.5Kgs Fresh Water Hyacinth
Table15
~ 46 ~
4.2
RESULT ANALYSIS
Roots and Shoots are the two major component of water hyacinth and their own characteristics.
In our experimental analysis a comparative study is done to establish which has got more
potential to be used as feedstock. Two sets were made and one set was kept for 19 days
fermentation in the incubator digester and another for 42 days.
To conduct a comparative study and analysis of the different component of water hyacinths
three categories were created namely roots, shoots and whole. These categories were then sub-
divided into whole and ground. Sludge from Cardiff Waste Water Treatment Plant was used as
inoculum.
The shoots is found to be superior than the roots but is marginally close to whole. Both roots
and shoots are found to produce substantial biogas yield to be considered as feedstock for
anaerobic digestion. The ground samples had better results compared to the whole ones.
Solid Content:
The volatile solids (VS) of the sun-dried sample and post digestion were calculated to
assess the organic content. From the results in Table4 and Figure 6 it is clear that the
initial organic contents are suitable for digestion and from Table 5 and Figure 7which
specifies the fraction used up in the digestion process. The shoots proved to superior.
Fresh water hyacinth has approximate 85-90 % water content. The shoots also have air
entrapped in the spongy stalk. The samples used for the experiment was sundried
before analysing for the dry matter percentage (DM%). The results from Table 6 and
Figure 8 shows that there is a marginal variation in the value for roots or shoots.
CH4 production:
In the incubator ( digester) 5 sets of samples in duplicate were set-up for anaerobic
digestion process and the gas produced from each sample pass through CO2 scrubbing
before they were recorded using the tip calculation for the volume of gas yield
individually. The cumulative yield of CH4 is recorded in the computer system and a
graph is plotted over time and volume of gas produced.
From Figure 9. It is noticed that the cumulative production of shoots are higher than the
roots and in the shoots category, the ground shoots are better than the whole shoot.
The reason being the ground shoots provide more surface area for the bacteria to act
upon. Figure 10, 11 and 12 shows the pattern of cumulative yield over 19 and 42 days.
The abnormal surge of whole shoot in the graph is due to the tip error.
Comparing the CH4 yield from the figures 13, 14 and 15 it is noticed that cumulative
yield for ground shoot after 19 days is 134.82 L kg-1 VS and after 42 days is 259.01 but
the rate of production over the first 19 days is steeper than the next phase from 19 to
~ 47 ~
42 days. The pattern is identical for all the other sets of sample but have lower yield in
comparison to the ground shoots.
VFA
The pre-digestion samples were taken for the analysis of the sample. From the Figure
16 and the Table 7 the total VFA is found to be reasonably low to predict that the
healthy nature of the sample for anaerobic digestion.
COD
The COD in mg/l were measured and Pre and Post digestion samples clearly indicates
the difference and the reduction is due to the digestion process. The result for the post
whole shoot is error reading.
pH
The pH of roots and shoots are found to be between 7.5 and 7.6 (Table 10)
C:N Ratio
The carbon nitrogen ratio is found to be between 10.73 and 16.40 as from the
comparative analysis of the results in Table 11 and Figure 19. This range is favourable
for anaerobic digestion.
NDF, ADF and ADL
From the rigorous experimental analysis for NDF%, ADF% and ADL% using the fibre
extract technique it is found that the lignin, hemicelluloses and cellulose content in
water hyacinth is encouraging. The ADL % ranging 11% to 23% , ADF% 35% to 52% and
NDF% 52% to 67%. The roots have higher percentage than shoots.
Carbohydrate, Protein
The results of the carbohydrate analysis is found to be in the range between 200 mg/kg
and 436 mg/kg (Table 13) and Shoots have higher carbohydrate content than roots.
The Table 14 shows that the soluble protein is between 127 g/kg and 256 g/kg and
roots have higher protein content compared to shoots.
Total Chemical analysis
Based on the results off all the analytical experiments of the samples and comparing
with the finding by Gunnarson (2007) it is found that the overall characteristics of the
water hyacinth samples collected from West Bengal, India is similar considering the fact
that the characteristics vary because of the Geographic location and the water body
where the plant grows.
~ 48 ~
5. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT
5.1. HYPOTHESIS:
Based on the commercial offer from Zorg Biogas Ag., Switzerland (Annexure 2)
The capacity of the biogas plant is 26 ton/day with wet 88%
The Feedstock is Cattle manure.,Biogas production 1119 m3 per day in the CHP unit
Electric power 100 Kw,
Heat power 117 kW
Energy produced :
Electricity
855.59
MW
per
year
Heat
Energy
967.86
MW
per
year
Solid bio-fertilizer with wet 70% 2162 tons per year
Liquid
bio-fertilizer
with wet 99%
6838 tons per year
Total cost of the project on a turnkey basis is 551000 Euro.
Water Hyacinth has 91% water content and therefore could be used as a co- digestate in a 50 : 50
ratio. Effectively this might reduce the yield.
The bio-fertilizer is assumed to remain unchanged.
Currency conversion : 1 Euro = INR74.27
x The Owner's contribution in the project excluding the cost of land = 10%
x The revenue (Money inward) is calculated based on Indian context:
Electricity at INR 5.00 per KW = 0.0673 euro per KW
And Heat Energy at INR 2.00 per KW = 0.0269 euro per KW
Solid Bio-fertilizer at INR 300 per ton = 4.039 euro per ton
Liquid Bio-fertilizer at INR 150 per ton = 2.02 euro
5.2. SCENARIO:
Considering two different scenarios:
1.
STANDARD AVAILABLE GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY IN INDIA as per (Annexure 1)
x The Government subsidy : CFA subsidy
Power generation @ INR 35000 per kW = 47125.35 euro for 100 kW electricity
Thermal application @ INR 17500 per kW=27568.33 euro for 117 kW
Additional subsidy for Administration and Operations
Power generation @ INR 100000 = 1346.44 euro
~ 49 ~
Thermal application @ INR 50000= 672.22 euro
TOTAL SUBSIDY : 47125.35 +27568.33 +1346.44 +672.22 = 76713.34 euro
2.
ON THE BASIS OF 50% GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY ON PLANT AND MACHINERIES
x TOTAL SUBSIDY : 50% OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES
= 50% OF 551,000.00
= 275,500.00
No other subsidy or incentives like Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) or Gate fee are taken into considerations.
5.3. SIMPLE
PAYBACK
PERIOD
The simple payback period of the project for the two scenarios are as follows:
Scenario 1:
The cost outlay of the project includes:
Initial Cost:
The Land and building cost:
66,120.00
Plant and Machinery (On Turnkey basis)
551,000.00
Total
capital
617,120.00
Financial resources
Project Funding (Subsidy) 12% approx
76,713.34
Self Contribution (Plant & Machinery) 10%
55,100.00
Bank/ Financial Institution Loan
485,307.00
Recurring expenditure
Operational and maintenance cost @10% of Capital cost
55,100.00
Feed stock (Lump sum)
5,000.00
Others
500.00
Total Recurring expenses:
60,600.00
Revenue generated
Electricity
855.59 MW
55,599.97
Thermal energy
967.86 Mwe
26,063.36
Solid
Fertilizer
2162
Tons
8,733.00
Liquid Fertilizer 6883 Tons
13,810.42
Total Revenue generated annually
:
106,206.75
Profit / Surplus ( Available for repayment)
45,606.75
SIMPLE PAYBACK PERIOD FOR STANDARD SUBSIDY = 10.64 YEARS
~ 50 ~
Scenario 2
The cost outlay of the project includes:
Initial Cost:
The Land and building cost:
66,120.00
Plant and Machinery (On Turnkey basis)
551,000.00
Total
capital
617,120.00
Financial resources
Project Funding (Subsidy ON P&M) 50%
275,500.00
Self Contribution (Plant & Machinery) 10%
55,100.00
Bank/ Financial Institution Loan
286,520.00
Recurring expenditure
Operational and maintenance cost @10% of Capital cost
55,100.00
Feed stock (Lump sum)
5,000.00
Others
500.00
Total Recurring expenses:
60,600.00
Revenue generated
Electricity
855.59 MW
55,599.97
Thermal energy
967.86 Mwe
26,063.36
Solid
Fertilizer
2162
Tons
8,733.00
Liquid Fertilizer 6883 Tons
13,810.42
Total Revenue generated annually
:
106,206.75
Profit / Surplus ( Available for repayment)
45,606.75
SIMPLE PAYBACK PERIOD FOR THE 50% SUBSIDY = 6.28 YEARS
5.4
NPV and IRR
Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Return Ratio (IRR)
The Net Present Value (NPV) was calculated to evaluate the feasibility of such project for the two
different scenarios as considered. To calculate the NPV the investment analysis is done using the
operational cash-flow (Annexure 3) based on our hypothesis and assumptions (Annexure 1 and
Annexure 2). Ignoring the bank interest on loan capital, depreciations and tax. Considering the discount
rate as 4% the NPV was calculated using the following formula
t
NPV =
Initial investment
=1 (1+ )
Considering the theory that positive NPV is favourable and in case of negative NPV no investment should
me made the NPV was found to be positive for scenario 1 in the 13
th
year and 6
th
year for scenario 2.
~ 51 ~
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is another Indicator for investors. The IRR is the interest rate that
equates the present worth of cash flow. NPV and IRR was calculated for both the scenarios and found to
be 5% for scenario 1 and 8% for scenario 2.
The NPV and IRR of the two scenarios are as follows:
Scenario 1
NPV AND IRR for STANDARD SUBSIDY in INDIA
In
Out
Cashflow
Initial Cost
238,020.09
677,720.00
-439,699.91
Year 1
Flow1
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 2
Flow2
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 3
Flow3
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 4
Flow4
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 5
Flow5
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 6
Flow6
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 7
Flow7
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 8
Flow8
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 9
Flow9
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 10
Flow10
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 11
Flow11
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 12
Flow12
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 13
Flow13
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 14
Flow14
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 15
Flow15
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Rate
4%
NPV
15,713.03
IRR
5%
Table 16
Scenario 2
NPV AND IRR for 50% SUBSIDY
In
Out
Cashflow
Initial Cost
436,806.75
677,720.00
-240,913.25
Year 1
Flow1
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 2
Flow2
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 3
Flow3
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 4
Flow4
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 5
Flow5
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 6
Flow6
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 7
Flow7
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 8
Flow8
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 9
Flow9
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Year 10
Flow10
106,206.75
60,600.00
45,606.75
Rate
4%
NPV
32,820.96
IRR
8%
Table 17
~ 52 ~
5.5
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The overall results are encouraging. Two separate scenarios are considered to evaluate the feasibility of
anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth to produce biogas for using it for CHP plant. Considering the fact
that water hyacinth have similar characteristics with cattle manure and from various literature it is
establish that using cow-dung or cattle manure can serve as co-digest as well as inoculums for the
fermentation process ,the commercial offer from Zorg Biogas AG for a Biogas project based on cattle
manure is considered as reference.
The main feedstock which is water hyacinth in our case is available for free and only the cost of co-
digest is considered. But it could become a cash crop in near future.
The comparative results are as follows: (Assumption:Rate=4%)
Standard Subsidy on P&M
(12% approx)
50% Subsidy on P&M
Simple Payback Period
10.64 Years
6.28 Years
Nett Present value (NPV)
+ 15,713.03 on year 13
+32,820.96 on year 7
Investment Return ratio(IRR)
5% over year 13
8% over year 7
Comparing the two it is clear that even on the basis of the present subsidy and incentive schemes
provided by the Government in India the project is quiet feasible considering the plant life to be 20
years. The 50% subsidy or incentives will definitely encourage private investors to invest.
Although the efficiency of water hyacinth is nearly 60% of that of Cattle manure but in our thesis we
have ignored it , But to establish the potential more accurately , the actual assessment would be
required.
In conclusion it is clear that anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth to produce biogas is one of the best
solutions which can play an important role to combat the global menace of water hyacinth and in the
process will produce biogas and bio- fertilizers as end products. It will also contribute to the carbon
footprints and GHG effect.
~ 53 ~
6.
STUDY CASE:
1. Two Dutch companies Grassa and ABCKroos have developed refinery plants which
processes grass biomass into fibres which contains substantial amount of raw
protein to extract protein from grass fibre. A similar pilot plant can also be tried with
water hyacinth to extract protein.
2. The Kottapuram Integrated Development Society (KIDS), a non Government
Organisation in Kerala, India in collaboration with India-Canada Environmental
Facility had started a project to produce biogas from water hyacinth but yet to be
considered as a commercial solution.
7.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
7.1
WATER HYACINTH AS A POTENTIAL RESOURCE FOR ENERGY
The present need of the time is not only looking for alternative energy source to replace or substitute
fossil fuel but also combat Green House Gas (GHG) effect. Various renewable energy sources are already
identified and substantial research and technological advancement are underway to make it more
competitive and viable in terms of economy.
Biogas is one such energy source which is the main area of my study and specifically my research area is
focussed on the biogas production from water hyacinth using anaerobic digestion process.
The main reason of the exploration is to try establish that it will not only serve as one of the technique
to combat the menace of water hyacinth but also will provide biogas or bioenergy in the process.
Agricultural crops are being considered to be a possible alternative source for energy production but it
needs money and finance to grow such crop. On the other side land and finance are not required for
water hyacinth and instead can save the expenditure by producing bioenergy in return.
For the production of biogas and bioethanol Water hyacinth could be a potential resource and could be
a very good alternative (Wang and Calderon 2012). If it can be established that production of biogas
from water hyacinth is feasible then the solution for cooking using biogas can easily be promoted in the
native areas infested with water hyacinth problems.
7.2
ANALYTICAL VIEW
Agricultural biomass are increasing becoming acceptable but they incur cost to produce the crop. With
no production cost Water Hyacinth can be a good alternative to agricultural crops as a biomass. To
optimize the yield only some pre-treatment is needed for water hyacinth.
To produce biogas water hyacinth undergoes the anaerobic digestion process in a digester and biogas is
produced by several bacteria which convert carbohydrates and sugars into methane, hydrogen and
carbon dioxide by anaerobe fermentation. For the fermentation of biomass it is important to break
down complex components of the plant. This can be done mechanically, chemically and by biological
fermentation.
~ 54 ~
The four stages of fermentation for the production of methane are:
1. Hydrolysis
2. Acedogenasis
3. Acetogenesis
4. Methanogenis
Either mesophyll or thermophile bacteria can be used for digestion. Considering the temperature in the
tropic and sub-tropics mesophyllic bacteria are ideal since they are less sensitive to the changes in the
temperature. To ensure optimum yield of biogas pretreatment of water hyacinth like shredding is
required. Some literatures recommend the size of shredding to be between 5mm to 12.5mm.
For optimum biogas production the chemical content of the feedstock is important . From our findings
(Table 11 and Figure 19) varying from 1:13.77 to 1:16.4 which can be favourable for the production of
biogas from the biomass.
Bur if the heavy metal content is too high, the gas production will decrease. The combination of water
hyacinth and cattle manure yields the highest amount of gas (Ofoefule et al. 2009). Interestingly the cow
manure does contain enough microorganism which can serve as inoculums (Gunnarsson and Petersen
2007).
Keeping in mind the socio economic aspects the ideal type of digester for the tropic and sub-tropics is a
single stage digester which are easy to control and maintain From the results of the experiment and as
seen from the graph in the (Figure 9) it can be recommended that a continuous feed process is ideal for
the digester. The supply of the feedstock which is Water hyacinth will most probably be delivered
continuously or stockpiled near the fermentation facilities. It is also easier to maintain and automate a
continuous process than a batch process. The retention time of the biomass depends on the biomass
and the digestion environment.
From the graph (Figure 9) it is clear that ideal retention time is between 15 days to 19 days. Although we
monitored the yield for more that 40 days and notice further gas production over the period but the
volume of production starts slowing down after the initial stage of 19 days. Hence the digestate can be
recycled along with the fresh feedstock in the fermentation process.
Apart from biogas the sludge produced during anaerobic digestion can be used as organic fertilizer for
agriculture which will contains minerals that water hyacinth had. But proper monitoring for the heavy
metal contents in the sludge is needed else it can be lethal if exceeds the legal threshold.
7.3
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ANALYSIS
From the results obtained from the various analytical experiments of the water hyacinth samples it is
found that the biogas yield of shoots is more than that of the roots. It is also observed that the ideal
digester for the anaerobic digestion process of water hyacinth could be continuous flow with a 15 -20
days retention time.
~ 55 ~
The experimental digester setup was used to monitor the gas yield over 42 days but from the data it is
clear that the rate of production flattens after 19 days of fermentation. Hence using a retention time of
15-19 days is recommended,
The VFA content of water hyacinth as analysed predicts a healthy digester condition.
The results of the fibre analysis for lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses is also found favourable for
water hyacinth to be considered as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion
7.4
SUGGESTION:
7.4.1 TECHNOLOGY UPGRADE
The need to upgrade technology and further development in the field of Anaerobic digestion process for
better biogas yield is observed. Identification of other biomass apart from cattle manure that can be
used as co-digest for the fermentation with effective yield result is required. Development of portable
modular biogas digester will boost the applicability of the technology even in the most isolated area.
7.4.2 USAGE AS CONTROL MEASURE
Production of biogas from water hyacinth using anaerobic digestion process should be seriously
considered as a control mechanism to manage the menace of water hyacinth. It will not only help in
controlling the spread but in return will generate revenue through green energy.
7.4.3 PROPOSED MODEL PROJECT:
Considering the fact that the roots of water hyacinth are very good absorbent of heavy metal from the
water with high heavy metal content. Use of digestate resulted from the roots of the water hyacinth
could be lethal if the heavy metal content is above limit.
The proposed model could provide a solution to use water hyacinth for a no risk process. The plant are
sundried and separated as shoots and roots and two separate digester used. The end products from the
shoots will be used for gas production and bio-fertilizer or landfill and the end products from the roots
will be used for gas production and as building block or controlled landfill.
~ 56 ~
A project model for a processing water hyacinth by anaerobic digestion to produce biogas is proposed.
The project models is designed keeping in the view that the heavy metal contents in the roots of the
water hyacinth plants may vary and because of the location and water bodies and the level of heavy
metal contents in the roots could be lethal to be used as fertilizer.
7.5
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is clear that there is a substantial opportunity to use water hyacinth as the feedstock for
biogas production using anaerobic digestion technology and thus the menace of water hyacinth could
be challenged partly if not fully and simultaneously contributing to the economy and environment.
However, the challenges to meet the limited profitability in biogas production based on water hyacinth
as feedstock, could be met by technology development combined with the option to use co-digest which
can increase the yield of biogas production and profitability of such projects.
The overall conclusion of the research is that anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth is very much feasible
on technical ground but on the economical aspect the role of proper legislations and Government
financial incentive is very important.
Water Hyacinth
Harvesting
Digester
Shoots
Shredding and
Sorting
Sun-dry
and Storage
Roots
Digester
Biogas
Fertilizer
Landfill or Land upgrade
Building Block
Controlled Landfill
Figure 28 : The schematic flow diagram of a proposed model of a Biogas project using
water Hyacinth as prime feedstock
~ 57 ~
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~ 60 ~
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17 July 2015].
x Singh, J. and Kalamdhad, A.S. 2012. Concentration and speciation of heavy metals during water
hyacinth composting. Bioresource Technology 124, pp. 169179. Available at:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852412012229 [Accessed: 9 July 2015].
x Singh, J. and Kalamdhad, A.S. 2013. Effect of on speciation of heavy metals during
vermicomposting of water hyacinth. Ecological Engineering 60, pp. 214223. Available at:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857413002607 [Accessed: 9 July 2015].
x Singh, J. and Kalamdhad, A.S. 2013. Effects of lime on bioavailability and leachability of heavy
metals during agitated pile composting of water hyacinth. Bioresource Technology 138, pp. 148
155. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852413005373
[Accessed: 9 July 2015].
x Singhal, V. and Rai, J.P.. 2003. Biogas production from water hyacinth and channel grass used for
phytoremediation of industrial effluents.Bioresource Technology 86(3), pp. 221225. Available
at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852402001785 [Accessed: 6 July
2015].
x Su, H. et al. 8929. Hydrogen production from water hyacinth through dark- and photo-
fermentation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35(17), pp. 89298937. Available at:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319910012115 [Accessed: 9 July 2015].
x Sukumaran, R.K. et al. 2009. Cellulase production using biomass feed stock and its application in
lignocellulose saccharification for bio-ethanol production. Renewable Energy 34(2), pp. 421424.
~ 61 ~
Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148108002176 [Accessed:
17 July 2015].
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Cadmium," ERL Report No. 170, pp. 73-88 (1978). S0960148108002176 [Accessed: 17 July 2015].
x Pyöry (2014) Green Energy with Water Hyacinth, Guetemala , Available from :
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x Serigas (2014) Energy from weed, Available from:
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2015]
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17 July 2015]
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x Lu, J., Fu, Z. and Yin, Z. (2008) Performance of a water hyacinth (< i> Eichhornia crassipes</i>)
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as duck feed. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(5), pp. 513-519. [Accessed: 9 July 2015]
~ 62 ~
Annexure 1
~ 6 ~
Annexure 2
Biogas plant characteristics
Char
Values
Figures
1 Quantity of feedstock
tons / day
2
2 Wet contain
%
8
3 Biogas yield
m3/ day
1119
4 Methane content 4
%
5
5 Calorific value
c
4708
6 Number of digesters
p
1
7 Digester volume
m
1000
8 Number of gasholder
p
1
9 Gasholder volume
m
7
10 temperature in the digester
0
36 - 38
11 Pressure in the digester
0
12 Overall dimensions of the digester (diameter / height)
m
18/4,0
13 Number of personnel
people
1
14 Area
H
0
15 Solid fertilizers yield (70% wet)
t/
6
16 Liquid fertilizers (99% wet)
t/
18
Co-generation power plant characteristics
17 Electrical power of co-generation unit, max
k
1
18 Produced electrical power (gross)
k
1
19 Electric power consumption
k
1
20 Produced electrical power (net)
k
8
21 Heat power of co-generation unit, max
k
1
22 Produced heat power (gross)
k
1
23 Heat power consumption at 0 °C
k
5
24 Produced heat power (net)
k
6
~ ~
Annexure 2 continued
Price
Premium (supply of equipment from: Germany, Austria)
Name Price (delivery DAP your destination)
1.
Project documentation
15 000,00
Euro.
2. Supervision, start-up and
adjustment, training
8 000,00
3. Equipment
320 000,00
Euro.
4. Construction
148 000,00
Euro.
5. Co-generation unit (Liebherr) Ptotal
= 125kW
130 000,00
Euro.
To tal (pcs. 1-5)
621 000,00
Euro
Economy (supply of equipment from: USA, Germany, France, Italy, Czech Republic)
Name Price (delivery DAP your destination)
1.
Project documentation
15 000,00
Euro.
2. Supervision, start-up
and adjustment,
8 000,00
Euro.
3. Equipment
265 000,00
Euro.
4. Construction
148 000,00
Euro.
5. Co-generation unit
(Caterpillar) Pelec. = 103kW
115 000,00
Euro.
To tal (pcs. 1-5)
551 000,00 Euro
- Each of the price positions can be offered separately.
- includes on-site consultancy, trouble-shooting, training
- includes delivery DAP Your destination
- construction part can be executed by Customer under ZORG documentation consultancy
- travel expences are not included
~ 6~
ANN
E
XUR
E
-
3
C
A
SH
FL
O
W
FO
R
E
C
A
ST
BIOEN
ER
GY
PROJECT F
R
O
M
W
A
TE
R H
Y
A
C
INTH wi
th P
res
ent S
U
B
S
ID
Y i
n
IND
IA
Ye
ar1
Ye
ar2
Ye
ar3
Ye
ar4
Ye
ar5
Ye
ar6
Ye
ar7
Ye
ar8
Ye
ar9
Ye
ar1
0
Ye
ar1
1
Openi
n
g Bal
ance
0.00
-439
,699
.91
-394
,093
.16
-348
,486
.41
-302
,879
.66
-257
,272
.91
-211
,666
.16
-166
,059
.41
-120
,452
.66
-74
,845.
91
-29
,239.
16
Mon
ey In
Owne
r's Capi
ta
l 10%
55,10
0.00
Subsi
d
y
14% appr
ox
76,71
3.34
Rev
enu
e
E
lectric
ity
855.59 MW
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
The
rm
a
l e
n
e
rg
y
967.86
Mwe
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,0
6
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
S
olid F
e
rtil
ize
r 2162
Tons
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
Li
quid Fer
ti
liz
er
6883
Tons
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
Ot
he
rs
Total
Mone
y In
238,0
20.09
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
Mo
n
e
y O
u
t
Plant
& Mac
h
in
e
ries
551,0
00.00
Land and Building
66,12
0.00
Operation &
Mai
n
te
nanc
e
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
F
eed stock
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
ot
he
rs
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
Total
Mone
y out
677,720.
00
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
C
lo
si
ng Bal
ance
-439,6
99.91
-394,0
93.16
-348,4
86.41
-302,8
79.66
-257,2
72.91
-211,6
66.16
-166,0
59.41
-120,4
52.66
-74,84
5.91
-29,23
9.16
16,367.5
9
~ 6~
ANNE
XUR
E
-
4
CA
S
H
F
LOW
F
O
R
E
CA
S
T
BIOEN
ER
GY
PROJECT F
R
O
M
W
A
TE
R H
Y
A
C
INTH wi
th 50
% SU
B
S
IDY
Ye
ar1
Ye
ar2
Ye
ar3
Ye
ar4
Ye
ar5
Ye
ar6
Ye
ar7
Openi
n
g Bal
ance
0.00
-240
,913
.25
-195
,306
.50
-149
,699
.75
-104
,093
.00
-58
,486.
25
-12
,879.
50
Mon
ey In
Owne
r's Capi
ta
l 10%
55,10
0.00
Subsi
d
y
50 % (
P&M)
275,5
00.00
Rev
enu
e
E
lectric
ity
855.59 MW
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
57,59
9.97
The
rm
a
l e
n
e
rg
y
967.86
Mwe
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
26,06
3.36
S
olid F
e
rtil
ize
r 2162 Tons
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
8,733
.00
Li
quid Fer
ti
liz
er
6883 Tons
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
13,81
0.42
Ot
he
rs
Total
Mone
y In
436,8
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
106,2
06.75
Mon
ey O
u
t
Plant
& Mac
h
in
e
ries
551,0
00.00
Land and Building
66,12
0.00
Operation &
Main
tenance
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
55,10
0.00
F
eed stock
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
5,000
.00
Ot
he
rs
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
Total
Mone
y out
677,720.
00
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
60,600.0
0
C
lo
si
ng Bal
ance
-240,9
13.25
-195,3
06.50
-149,6
99.75
-104,0
93.00
-58,48
6.25
-12,87
9.50
32,727.2
5
~ 6 ~
RESULTS : Excel SPREDSHEETS (Table)
1. TS AND VS OF SUBSTRATE (FEEDSTOCK)
13.6517
13.5099
13.6968
35.5965
34.3719
34.4026
14.3853
1
2
3
Mean
1)/W2-W1)*100
88.07
87.52
86.86
87.48
62.22
87.72
88.25
87.98
TS AND VS OF DIGESTATE
Date: 22th July 2015
For Total Solid (TS) Samples put in the Oven @ 105oC for 24 Hours
Start Time: 11:50 AM22nd July'15
Start Time: 11:55 AM27th July'15
End Time:@10:00 AM27th July'15
End Time:@
12:25 AM
28th July'15
2. COMPARISION OF CUMULITIVE CH4 YEILD OVER 19 AND 42 DAYS OF HRT
CH4 Production
Sample
CH4 Yield ( CH4 Yield (LKG-1 VS)
Sludge1
89.7056
Sludge2
55.5946
Whole Roo 199.6245 109.9189
Whole Roo
89.785
34.1904
3. CUMULATIVE YEILD OF CH4 OVER 19 DAYS AND 42 DAYS HRT
RAW DATA
Sludge 1
Sludge 2
T (Days)
Cumulative volume
T (Days)
0.0000
0
0.0000
0
0.0000
0.1799
49.83
0.2208
43.733
0.0889
0.4944
64.068
0.5215
61.133
0.1521
~ ~
4.
VOLATILE FATTY ACID
********** Summary Report **********
Acetic Acid (mgropionic Aci-Butyric Acid-Butyric Aci-Valeric AcidTotal VFA
Sludge
90
9
11
14
15
139
Whole Root
59
13
11
15
15
113
Ground Roo
160
12
11
20
15
218
5.
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) mg/Kg
COD
(mg/l)
A
B
C
Mean
STDEV
S2
227
246
223
232.00
7.094599
S1
251
252
239
247.33
4.176655
PS
148
143
154
148.33
3.179797
PR
154
202
198
184.67
15.37675
S
143
147
145
145.00
1.154701
6. NITROGEN, CARBON, SULPHUR, HYDROGEN (NCSH) ANALYSIS
CARBON NITROGEN RATIO ( CN Ratio)
3
17/09/2015
4.82
2.186565
23.79191
5
17/09/2015
4.96
2.027431
23.47758
5
17/09/2015
4.54
2.06808 23.85155
5
17/09/2015
6.11
2.043206
23.80441
0
1
2
7. NDF PERCENTAGE (FIBRE EXTRACTION)
~ ~
8. ADF PERCENTAGE (FIBRE EXTRACTION)
0.8375
0.6002
0.927
0.9858
80.75774
0.856
0.6002
0.927
0.9858
82.37333
0.7402
0.6002
0.927
0.9858
82.13316
0.8046
0.6002
0.927
0.9858
79.56329
9.
ADL PERCENTAGE
x
0.8375
0.3305
0.804
0.58
0.927
0.9858
0.856
0.3457
0.8241
0.58
0.927
0.9858
0.7402
0.2320
0.7177
0.58
0.927
0.9858
0.8046
0.2867
0.7766
0.58
0.927
0.9858
x
10. PROTEIN CONTENT
Shoot
0.342
0.36
0.303
Whole root
0.359
0.323
0.361
Whole shoo
0.319
0.341
0.353
Sludge
0.144
0.099
0.105
Post Whole
0.285
0.253
0.239
11. CARBOHYDRATE
A
B
C
Mean
0
0.0500
0.0150
0.0240
0.0195
25
0.0820
0.1410
0.1400
0.1405
50
0.1970
0.2280
0.3500
0.2890
Frequently asked questions
What is the abstract of this document about?
The abstract discusses reducing dependence on fossil fuels and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. It focuses on exploring the techno-economic feasibility of Anaerobic Digestion of water hyacinth for biogas production. The experiment findings conducted on samples from West Bengal, India, are promising, with fiber analysis showing Cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Methane yield is substantial, and chemical characteristics like COD and pH are favorable for anaerobic digestion. The net present value (NPV) and internal return ratio (IRR) indicate that biogas from water hyacinth could be a feasible project with government assistance.
What is the purpose of the acknowledgements section?
The acknowledgements section expresses gratitude to Dr. Sandra Esteves for guidance, Dr. Phil Kumi for assistance in the experimental laboratory, the author's wife Banani for support, and children Adrija and Arpon for their help. Special thanks are extended to Mrs. Meena Das and Banani for collecting fresh water hyacinth samples from the river Hooghly in Ichapur, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India.
What topics are included in the table of contents?
The table of contents lists the following sections: Abstract, Acknowledgements, Table of Contents, List of Abbreviations, List of Figures, List of Tables, Introduction (including motivation, aims and objectives, research questions, hypotheses, thesis outline, and research scope and limitations), Background (the menace explained, problem, potential utilization, technology guided possibilities, possible control, and control mechanism), Methodology (data collection and assessment, sample collection, sample analysis, solid content (TS and VS), volatile solid (VS), dry matter (DM), digester size estimation, methane yield data collection, NDF , Ankom Technology method, ADF , Filter bag method, ADL , Ankom Technology, Soluble Carbohydrate determination, Protein Estimation , Lowry's method, VFA Analysis, NCSH analysis, COD analysis), Experimental Results and analysis (Results Tables, Charts and Graphs, Result Analysis), Economic assessment (Hypothesis, Scenario, Simple Payback period, NPV and IRR, Results and Conclusion), Study Case, Discussion and Conclusion (Water Hyacinth as a potential resource of energy, Analytical View, Analysis on experimental results, Suggestion, Technology upgrade, Usage as control measure, Proposed model project, Conclusion), Reference, and Annexure (Government Incentives, Government of India, Commercial Offer for Biogas Plant, Zorg Biogas, Cash Flow for Scenario 1, Cash Flow for Scenario 2, Excel Spreadsheet Tables of Experimental Results).
What abbreviations are listed?
The list of abbreviations includes: COD (CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND), CHP (COMBINED HEAT AND POWER), CN (CARBON NITROGEN), DM (DRY MATTER), FIT (FEED IN TARIFF), GHG (GREEN HOUSE GAS), IRR (INTERNAL RETURN RATIO), NCSH (NIROGEN, CARBON, SULPHUR , HYDROGEN), NPV (NETT PRESENT VALUE), P&M (PLANT AND MACHINERY), TS (TOTAL SOLID), VFA (VOLATILE FATTY ACID), VS (VOLATILE SOLID).
What figures are listed and their page numbers?
The List of Figures includes:
Figure 1 Photograph of Water hyacinth - Page 10
Figure 2 Generalized sketch of water hyacinth - Page 10
Figure 3 Global Water Hyacinth Distribution - Page 10
Photographs of collected fresh and Post sun-dried Water Hyacinth samples - Page 11
Figure 5 The menace of Water Hyacinth - Page 15
Figure 6 Bar chart of TS and VS of Feedstock (Substrate) - Page 33
Figure 7 Bar chart of TS and VS of Digestate - Page 33
Figure 8 DM % of the samples - Page 34
Figure 9 Consolidated graph of cumulative CH4 - Page 35
Figure 10 Graph of cumulative CH4 yield over 19 days - Page 35
Figure 11 Graph of cumulative CH4 yield over 42 days Shoots - Page 36
Figure 12 Graph of cumulative CH4 yield over 42 days roots - Page 36
Figure 13 Comparative Bar Chart of 19 days and 42 days CH4 yield - Page 37
Figure 14 Bar chart of CH4 yield after 42 days - Page 37
Figure 15 Bar chart of CH4 yield after 19 days - Page 37
Figure 16 Bar chart of consolidated VFA - Page 38
Figure 17 Bar chart of COD of samples - Page 39
Figure 18 Bar chart of C:N Ratio - Page 41
Figure 19 Bar chart of NCSH analysis - Page 41
Figure 20 Bar chart of NDF % - Page 42
Figure 21 Bar chart of ADF% - Page 42
Figure 22 Bar chart of ADL% - Page 42
Figure 23 Comparative Bar chart of NDF% and ADF% - Page 43
Figure 24 Comparative Bar chart of NDF% , ADF% and ADL% - Page 43
Figure 25 Bar chart of Carbohydrate analysis - Page 44
Figure 26 Bar chart of protein analysis - Page 44
Figure 27 Table on Chemical contents of water hyacinth ( Reference) - Page 45
Figure 28 Schematic flow diagram of a proposed model Project - Page 56
What tables are listed and their page numbers?
The list of tables includes:
Table 1 TS and VS of original samples and Sludge - Page 22
Table 2 Dilution of Glucose for Carbohydrate determination - Page 29
Table 3 BSA standard stock dilution for Protein analysis - Page 30
Table 4 TS and VS of Pre digest samples - Page 33
Table 5 TS and VS of Post digest samples - Page 33
Table 6 Dry matter of the samples - Page 34
Table 7 VFA of the samples - Page 38
Table 8 COD of the samples - Page 39
Table 9 Bicarbonate Alkalinity - Page 40
Table 10 pH Measurement - Page 40
Table 11 NCSH analysis - Page 41
Table 12 Consolidated NDF, ADF and ADL results - Page 43
Table 13 Carbohydrate (g/kg) analysis of the samples - Page 44
Table 14 Protein analysis of the samples - Page 44
Table 15 Chemical analysis of the collected water hyacinth used in the experiment - Page 45
Table 16 NPV and IRR calculation , Scenario 1 - Page 51
Table 17 NPV and IRR calculation, Scenario 2 - Page 51
Table 18 Comparative chart of Simple Pay Back period, NPV and IRR - Page 52
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
-
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen.
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