Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha and Atherogenic Index as Predictors of Insulin Resistance and Risks of Cardiovascular Disease among Obese Subjects in Calabar, Nigeria

Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT
• ABSTRACT
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• LIST OF TABLES
• LIST OF FIGURES
• ABBREVIATIONS
• 1 INTRODUCTION
• 1.1 Background to the study
• 1.2 Statement of the problem
• 1.3 Aim and objectives of the study
• 1.3.1 Aim
• 1.3.2 Specific objectives
• 1.4 Justification of the study
• 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
• 2.1 Obesity
• 2.2 Classification of obesity
• 2.3 Prevalence of obesity
• 2.4 Causes of obesity
• 2.5 Effects of obesity on health
• 2.6 Management of obesity
• 2.7 Obesity and metabolic syndrome
• 2.8 Insulin
• 2.8.1 Synthesis, physiological effects and degradation of insulin
• 2.8.2 Insulin signal transduction pathway
• 2.9 Obesity and insulin resistance
• 2.10 Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
• 2.11 Adipose tissue cellularity and changes with obesity
• 2.11.1 White Adipose Tissue
• 2.11.2 Brown Adipose Tissue
• 2.12 Mechanism of free fatty acid mediated insulin resistance
• 2.13 Obesity induced inflammation and insulin resistance
• 2.13.1 Obesity induced macrophage accumulation in the adipose tissue
• 2.14 Role of adipose tissue produced adipokines in insulin resistance
• 2.14.1 CCL2/MCP-1 and other chemokines
• 2.14.2 Interleukin-6
• 2.14.3 Leptin
• 2.15 Tumour necrosis factor-alpha
• 2.15.1 Structure of TNF-α
• 2.15.2 TNF-α cell signaling
• 2.15.3 Role of adipose tissue produced TNF-α in insulin resistance
• 2.16 Overview of lipid metabolism
• 2.16.1 Intracellular and extracellular transport pathway
• 2.16.2 Reverse cholesterol transport pathway
• 2.17 Obesity and dyslipidemia
• 2.18 Role of adipose tissue produced adipokines in dyslipidemia
• 2.19 Cardiovascular diseases
• 2.19.1 Risk factors for cardiovascular disease
• 2.19.2 Symptoms of cardiovascular diseases
• 2.19.3 Inflammation and cardiovascular diseases
• 2.20 Obesity, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases
• 2.20.1 Risk factors as biomarkers
• 2.21 Disorder of Lipid Metabolism

Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)

This thesis aims to investigate the association between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factors among obese subjects in Calabar, Nigeria. The study explores the potential role of inflammatory markers, particularly Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), in mediating the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease.

• The relationship between obesity and insulin resistance
• The role of inflammatory markers in obesity-related complications
• The association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factors
• The impact of obesity on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health
• The potential for early detection and management of cardiovascular disease in obese individuals

Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)

The thesis begins with an introduction that sets the context for the study, outlining the background information on obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. It highlights the significance of this research in the Nigerian population, where obesity rates are increasing. The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of obesity, its causes, and its impact on health, particularly focusing on the role of inflammation, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. The study's methodology is then described, detailing the recruitment of participants, data collection, and analysis techniques used.

The results section presents the findings of the study, analyzing the association between obesity markers, inflammatory markers, insulin resistance markers, and cardiovascular risk markers in the study population. Finally, the discussion section interprets the results, drawing conclusions about the key findings and their implications for public health. The discussion also explores the limitations of the study and suggests directions for future research.

Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)

The study focuses on the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Key terms include: obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory markers, Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Atherogenic Index, lipid profile, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and biomarkers.