Bachelorarbeit, 2016
48 Seiten, Note: 2,3
1. Introduction
2. History of the Game – The early beginnings
3. The birth of professional football
4. How the game is played
5. How football became America’s number one sport
6. Football and the military – an everlasting romance
7. Football and warspeak
8.1 The Super Bowl and the development of its pregame show
8.2 The burst of patriotism in Super Bowl XXV
8.3 Super Bowl XXXVI
9. The Star-Spangled Banner
10. Football and the Nation
11. The case of Pat Tillman
12. Now, Are you ready for some Football!?
13. The dangers of the war-football-continuum
14. Conclusion
This bachelor thesis examines the instrumentalization of American Football by political and military institutions, specifically focusing on the Super Bowl as a stage for patriotic and militaristic displays. The author investigates how the game's cultural narrative has been purposefully aligned with war-related rhetoric to foster national identity and unity, particularly in times of conflict.
7. Football and warspeak
"With the weapons I have, there's no stopping us." "We went out there and ran our first play, and it worked great." Both of these quotes could have been very well used to talk about football or war, however, one was used to express confidence about the upcoming Super Bowl in 1991 and the other one described a ‘successful’ bombing in Iraq. Kelly’s as well as the fighter jock’s choice of using such an ambiguous expression for their respective statements reveals the shared lingo football and warspeak share to a certain extent. Such a metaphorical use of a shared lingo is an extremely useful rhetorical tool because it enables its user to reduce complexity. Everybody who heard or read the above mentioned statements was immediately able to understand them. They are just one of numerous examples of the metaphorical mixing which increased over the course of time. Marbella points out that “[t]he shared lingo has been there for some time -- the U.S. Secretary of Defense in 1949, for example, referred to Gen. Omar Bradley as "that brilliant quarterback, one of the best men on any all-time, all-American military team"”. She furthermore argues that these metaphorical overlapping was amplified by the fact that the beginning of the Gulf War “has roughly coincided with the football playoffs leading up to the Super Bowl”. The power of the football-as-war metaphor was arguably given its ultimate accolade when the President of the USA, George Bush Sr., called the Gulf War his Super Bowl. Symbolically, there is probably no higher honoring that the football-as-war metaphor could have ever received. To place the Super Bowl and the Gulf War on the same level is an awe-inspiring act and it points towards football’s nature as a warlike game. Its resemblance with war can best be shown by dividing it into two different aspects, which are: the visual/rhetorical and its art of playing.
1. Introduction: Outlines the cultural significance of the Super Bowl and presents the core argument regarding the interconnectedness of football and military heritage.
2. History of the Game – The early beginnings: Provides a historical overview of how football evolved from university soccer-like games into a brutal sport that required intervention by figures like Theodore Roosevelt.
3. The birth of professional football: Discusses the transition from collegiate amateurism to the professionalization of the sport and the eventual founding of the NFL.
4. How the game is played: Explains the strategic nature of American Football, emphasizing its resemblance to a game of chess played by "gladiators".
5. How football became America’s number one sport: Analyzes the cultural myth-making that elevated football above baseball, framing it as the nation's true passion.
6. Football and the military – an everlasting romance: Examines the long-standing tradition of the Army-Navy game and the ideological merging of athleticism and patriotism.
7. Football and warspeak: Investigates the shared linguistic arsenal between football commentators and military communication, highlighting the "football-as-war" metaphor.
8.1 The Super Bowl and the development of its pregame show: Details the integration of military flyovers and patriotic displays into the modern Super Bowl experience.
8.2 The burst of patriotism in Super Bowl XXV: Focuses on the role of the 1991 Super Bowl in fostering national unity during the Persian Gulf War.
8.3 Super Bowl XXXVI: Explores the hyper-patriotic response of the NFL to the events of 9/11 and its impact on the national collective consciousness.
9. The Star-Spangled Banner: Reviews the historical creation and usage of the national anthem as a tool for cementing American national identity in sports.
10. Football and the Nation: Synthesizes the argument that the NFL functions as a vehicle for nationalism, blurring the lines between sporting competition and political ideology.
11. The case of Pat Tillman: Analyzes the media's transformation of the late Pat Tillman into a propagandistic symbol of nationalistic sacrifice.
12. Now, Are you ready for some Football!?: Deconstructs the military-infused messaging found in broadcast promotional material like Monday Night Football.
13. The dangers of the war-football-continuum: Warns of the societal risks when football and warfare are mimetically treated as identical phenomena.
14. Conclusion: Reaffirms the author’s thesis that football has been systematically instrumentalized to satisfy national demands for safety, identity, and political alignment.
American Football, Super Bowl, Military, Patriotism, National Identity, War Rhetoric, Propaganda, Pat Tillman, NFL, Media Spectacle, Cultural Myth, Warspeak, Army-Navy Game, Colin Kaepernick, Sports Sociology.
The work investigates the profound and systematic connection between American Football and the U.S. military, analyzing how the sport has been used to cultivate national identity and promote war-related values.
The main themes include the militarization of sports media, the creation of patriotic rituals during the Super Bowl, the linguistic overlap between warfare and football terminology, and the manipulation of narratives for political purposes.
The objective is to reveal that the military presence in football is not incidental but a deliberate effort to satisfy public demands for unity and national self-assurance in times of crisis.
The author employs a qualitative cultural and media analysis, examining historical records, media commentary, and established academic theories on identity, symbolism, and propaganda.
The chapters cover the evolution of the game, the specific integration of military imagery (such as fighter jets and the national anthem), and the critical analysis of media-constructed heroism.
The work is a sociopolitical critique of modern American sports culture, specifically focusing on the intersection of media spectacles, nationalism, and the sport-military industrial complex.
Pat Tillman serves as a critical case study for how the media manipulates the story of an athlete to create a "perfect citizen" or propagandistic icon, often masking the complex truth about the person's life and death.
The author views the promotional material for Monday Night Football as a textbook example of how the NFL indoctrinated its audience by blending military vocabulary with football excitement to justify national military objectives.
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