The Effect of a New Compound (Ravinol Salts) and Yemeni Honey on Cutaneous Leishmania Parasites and Skin's Microbes

Table of Contents

Chapter I.

I. 1. INTRODUCTION

I. 2. THE AIM OF STUDY

Chapter II.

2. Literature review

2.1. Leishmaniasis

2.1.1. History of Leishmaniasis

2.1.2. The Taxonomy of Leishmania

2.1.3. Life cycle of Leishmaniasis

2.1.4. Morphology of Leishmania parasite

2.1.5. Pathogenesis and Immunity

2.1.6. Epidemiology and Ecology of Leishmaniasis

2.1.7. Clinical symptoms of Leishmaniasis

2.1.8. Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis

2.1.8.1. Direct visualization or isolation of the parasite

2.1.8.2. Culture examination

2.1.8.3. Isolation and inoculation in experimental animals

2.1.8.4. Immunological methods of diagnosisof CL

2.1.8.5. Molecular methods

2.1.9. Treatment of Leishmaniasis

2.1.9.1 Antimony Compounds

2.1.9.2 Amphotericin B

2.1.9.3 Miltefosine

2.1.9.4 Pentamidine

2.1.9.5 Paromomycin

2.1.9.6 Azoles

2.1.10. Prevention

2.1.10.1. Vector control measures

2.1.10.2. Chemical control

2.1.10.3. Environmental control

2.1.10.4. Biological control

2.1.10.5. Role of community participation in sandfly control

2.1.11. Vaccins

2.2. Honey

2.2.1 History of honey

2.2.2 Medicinal properties of honey

2.2.2.1 Antibacterial activity of honey

2.2.2.2 Treatment gastroenteritis by honey

2.2.2.3 The use of honey as wounds and burns dressing

2.2.2.4 Honey and oral health

2.2.2.5 Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by honey

2.3. Rivanol salts

2.3.1. Acridines as antiprotozoal drugs

Chapter III.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Parasitological analysis

3.1.1. Patients and study area

3.1.2. Blood Collection and Cases Preparation

3.1.3. The Interview with the patients

3.1.4. Collection and examination of skin scrapings

3.1.5. Leishmania Cultivation

3.1.6. Animal inoculation

3.1.7. Examination of samples

3.1.8. Hematological tests

3.2. Microbiological analysis

3.3. Rivanol compounds simple

3.3.1. Test compounds, salt of 2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridne with oxamoylaminoacids.

3.3.2. Preparation of the 2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridinium 3,4-dimethylphenyl-α-alaninate.

3.3.3. Aspects of Using Honey on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

3.3.4. Antibacterial study

3.3.5. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different brands of honey

3.3.4. Application with RIV and Honey (Sider and Summar)

Chapter IV.

4. RESULTS

4.1.Types and distribution of lesions

4.2. Results of experimental animal

4.3.6. Hematological picture

4.5. Results of antibacterial activity of two different Yemeni honeys (Sider and Summar)

4.6. In vitro results of antimicrobial effects of the RIV

4.7. In vitro antimicrobial effects of the maxis of RIV with Yemeni Honey (Sider and Summar)

Chapter V.

5. DISCUSSION

6. CONCLUSION

7. RECOMMENDATION

8. REFERENCES

Research Objective and Topics

This study aims to detect Leishmania spp. and associated microbes in patients, and to investigate the antiseptic effects of a new compound (Rivanol salts) and Yemeni honey on these pathogens in vitro and in vivo models of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

• Epidemiology and clinical presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Radfan district of Yemen.
• Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of Rivanol compounds and various Yemeni honey brands (Sider and Summar).
• Experimental evaluation of topical dressings using honey and Rivanol mixtures on rabbit leishmaniasis models.
• Evaluation of diagnostic methods and hematological parameters in leishmaniasis patients.

Excerpt from the Book

Summary of Chapters

Chapter I: Introduces the clinical significance and global burden of leishmaniasis and defines the study's aim to evaluate new treatments.

Chapter II: Provides an extensive literature review covering the history, biology, diagnosis, and current treatments for leishmaniasis, along with the properties of honey and acridine derivatives.

Chapter III: Details the methodologies used for parasitological and microbiological analysis, including patient sampling, animal inoculation, and testing of honey and Rivanol compounds.

Chapter IV: Presents the study's results regarding lesion distribution, animal treatment outcomes, hematological impacts, and the antimicrobial efficacy of the tested compounds.

Chapter V: Discusses the findings, suggesting that while individual therapies have limitations, combinations or specific natural products may improve treatment outcomes and reduce costs.

Keywords

Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Rivanol, Yemeni Honey, Sider Honey, Summar Honey, Antimicrobial, Parasite, Acridine, Wound Healing, Diagnosis, Radfan, Yemen, Pathogenesis, Microbiology

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the core focus of this thesis?

This work examines the therapeutic potential of a new acridine-based compound (Rivanol) and Yemeni honey as alternative treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis and associated bacterial skin infections.

What are the primary thematic areas covered?

The research explores the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the Radfan district, the biological classification and life cycle of the parasite, established diagnostic methods, and the antibacterial properties of honey and synthetic acridines.

What is the primary goal of the study?

The aim is to identify and characterize Leishmania spp. in patients, detect co-infections, and scientifically evaluate the antiseptic and therapeutic effectiveness of Rivanol and Yemeni honey concentrations against these pathogens.

Which scientific methods were employed?

The study utilized clinical diagnosis, microscopic smears, Leishmania cultivation in NNN medium, animal inoculation with rabbits, and in vitro agar diffusion assays to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for bacterial susceptibility.

What does the main body address?

The main body reviews existing literature on leishmaniasis and pharmacology, details the experimental materials and methods used in the Radfan district, and presents the clinical, laboratory, and animal study results.

What defines the core terminology used?

Key terms include "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)," "Rivanol," "Yemeni Honey," "antimicrobial," and "acridine derivatives," reflecting the study's focus on bridging traditional and modern chemical therapeutic approaches.

How does this study contribute to the treatment of leishmaniasis?

It provides empirical evidence that while honey and Rivanol can be effective antibacterial agents, their combined topical application on leishmaniasis lesions in rabbits shows specific healing responses, offering a potential lower-cost alternative to standard treatments.

Why were two specific honey brands, Sider and Summar, used?

The researchers chose these local brands to assess their unique phytochemical and antibacterial properties, acknowledging that honey’s effectiveness varies according to plant origin and production conditions.