Bachelorarbeit, 2018
22 Seiten, Note: Pharm-D (Final Year)
Dedications
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of symbols and abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Abstract
Introduction
Types:
Prevalence:
Literature Review
Awareness and knowledge of diabetes in Chennai:
Diabetes knowledge in Kuwaiti adults:
Aim of the study:
Materials and Methods
Study Type:
Study Settings:
Sampling Method
Sample Size:
Research Tool:
Inclusion and Exclusion criteria:
Statistical Analysis Tool:
Statistical Formulas:
Results
Discussion
General Knowledge of Diabetes:
Nature of Disease:
Risk Factors:
Prevalence:
Co-relation of Gender with the Knowledge of Risk Factors:
Co-relation of Family Diabetes with the Knowledge of Participants:
Conclusion:
Bibliography:
3.1 Awareness of diabetes among general population
3.1 Co-relation of factors with the male and female population
3.2 Co-relation of family DM with the knowledge of participants
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
I start in the Name of Allah, The Rehman, The Raheem, The Supreme and The Merciful. All thanks to Allah Almighty Who made me mentally and physically fit and enabled me in pursuing the Hadith of the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) "The seeking of knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim." – (Al-Tirmidhi, Hadith 74).
I express my gratitude to my research supervisor Dr. Muhammad Fawad Rasool, whose kind support and guidance keep me on track to accomplish the task with an overwhelming success. In addition, the authors would like to thanks Dr. Nasir Kalam for their suggestion and assistance in completing the project report writing.
My acknowledgement goes to all the faculty and staff members of the Department of Pharmacy Bahauddin Zakariya University. I would also like to extend my deepest thanks to all academic colleagues Bahauddin Zakariya University.
Background: Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels. To fall into the diabetic category, IGT the impaired glucose levels of a person are in the range of 140 to 199 mg/dL at two-hours after an OGTT. In IFG that is impaired fasting glucose the range is 110 to 125 mg/ dL. One can have an idea of the prevalence of diabetes by the fact that the population affected by diabetes worldwide has gone from 108 million to 422 million from 1980 to 2014.
Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the awareness of the people of Punjab, Pakistan about the basic knowledge of Diabetes. The reason for this was because of the increasing prevalence and complications of Diabetes and associated diseases.
Methods: The study settings were Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Al shifa pharmacy Multan, Clinic. An online survey was also conducted. The sample size was 752 and the research tool used was a questionnaire having questions for knowledge of diabetes. The time of data collection was January 2018 to April 2018. Data was analyzed by Microsoft excel 2010 and SPSS 20.
Results: 15.9% of the participants did not have any concept of diabetes. 34% said the disease is contagious and 61.7% said the disease is curable although neither it is contagious nor curable. Hence, it can be said that the female participants had a better knowledge about the factors leading to the development of diabetes. Out of the 529 patients who had a diabetic in their family 359 participants were aware of all of the factors while only 157 out of 259 participants without a diabetic in their family knew all of the given factors contribute to diabetes.
Conclusion: The study showed that people with a diabetic in their family had better knowledge about the disease as compared to the people who don’t. This shows that the public needs to be educated from time to time about the basics, factors, underlying causes, prevention, cure & complications associated with diabetes. Interactive seminars for general public especially students about diabetes & diabetes awareness Educational programs in institutes are the need of the hou
Diabetes in its simple definition is elevated blood sugar level which may lead to different complications. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder which is genetic; the person suffers from hyperglycemia, vascular disorder and neuropathy (Fajans, 1971). Diabetes is a chronic disorder that affects the overall quality of life no matter how early the stage of the disease is. It worsens the health with the passage of time. It does not only affect the blood but as time passes, the person is prone to various kinds of infections, weakness, decreased immunity, not to forget its hazardous effects on most of our organs including the eyes, the nervous system, both kidneys, nervous system, hands and feet, even the brain and the heart. The most common complications associated with diabetes are nephropathy & neuropathy along with many others. Continuously elevated blood sugar levels decreases the body’s various abilities including peripheral nerves and immune responses which lead to numbness as well as lowering the ability of the body to fight wounds.
Diabetes is of various types classified according to age on onset, inheritance, production of insulin, production of other hormones in the body, diabetes related and confined only to pregnancy etc. but commonly classified either as type 1 or type 2 diabetics. Type 1 diabetes starts often in the early childhood whilst Type 2 diabetes is diabetes mellitus which often develops in late age stages. The reason & mechanism of both type of diabetes are totally different. In type 1 diabetes, person has no insulin secretion while in type 2, the person is deficient of insulin or is resistant to its affects or both deficient in production and resistant to its actions (Association, 2011). Type 2 diabetes may involve factors like genetic, obesity, physical work and diet. Type 2 diabetes is the most common diabetes prevailing in the world right now. You can’t treat it but you can live a healthy life by managing it. Management is the only solution to avoid diabetes related complications.
One can have an idea of the prevalence of diabetes by the fact that the population affected by diabetes worldwide has gone from 108 million to 422 million from 1980 to 2014 (World Health Organization, 2014). 12.8% global deaths were attributed for deaths of ages between 20-79. According to data collection of 2015, 7.2% U.S. population have developed known diabetes, which has 132,000 children & young adults, only 5% diabetic persons have been calculated to have type 1 diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). And when we talk about Pakistan, the estimation of diabetes affected individuals in 2040 will get doubled as compared to 2015 (International Diabetes Federation, 2017).This is an extremely alarming situation because people are just unaware of the fact how diabetes has developed its roots in the society. Furthermore, diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes is a preventable disease, and hence awareness of diabetes, how it is caused and how can it be prevented is really important as it can lead to decrease in the rates of prevalence of diabetes in our society. If the factors leading to diabetes do not get controlled, it will surely be the leading cause of deaths in future.
The only solution as already mentioned is actually preventing the disease. One can prevent diabetes type 2 but one cannot prevent type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes prevention is the need of the hour and in order to achieve that, the population needs to be educated. If people are more aware of the factors which lead to diabetes, they can prevent the disease progression. But there are some factors that can’t be controlled and among them are geographic, genetic as well as age type of factors (International Diabetes Federation, 2017).Major prevention recommendations involve walk, exercise, healthy diet (water or tea over juices, vegetables, nuts, and unsaturated fats), regular checkups as well as weight control. Gestational diabetes (which means diabetes during pregnancy) and prediabetes (people who are at a high risk for developing diabetes) are often related to have diabetes in those persons in future. As well as other diseases in an individual may lead to diabetes or will exaggerate the situation. For example high blood pressure is highly associated with the development of diabetes type 2. According to CDC report on national diabetes statistics, 73.6% diabetics have high blood pressure, 66.9% have dyslipidemia or high cholesterol issue, 15.9% have smoking in their routine, 87.5% are obese, 36.5% have kidney disease & 40.8% are physically inactive (International Diabetes Federation, 2017). Already diabetic patients are prone to develop nephropathy, retinopathy, cardio vascular problems, Alzheimer, teeth problems & above all is diabetic foot. Diabetics often develop neuropathy which causes numbness and patients don’t often even realize if they have got an infection or wound somewhere. This often leads to serious infections and the major damage is in the form of diabetic foot.
The management of diabetes is done by medications, but many can be managed with exercise and diet control only. There are various classes of drugs available to manage the disease. Some of them are sulphonyl ureas, biguanides, Thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 analogues, DPP4 inhibitors & Insulins. Sulphonyl ureas include tolbutamide, glimepiride, glyburide & glipizide etc. Biguanides include mainly metformin, Thiazolidinediones include pioglitazone & rosiglitazone, Alpha glucosidase inhibitors include Acarbose, Meglitinides include nateglinide, DPP4 inhibitors include linagliptin, sitagliptin & saxagliptin, Bile acid sequestrant include colesevelam, Dopamine agonist include bromocriptine, GLP-1 receptor agonists include exenatide, liraglutide, pramlintide & albiglutide. Insulins include short acting, intermediate acting, long acting & combination of these insulins.For type 1 diabetes, only insulin is required for the survival as other drugs will not help unless the body is producing insulin so lack of insulin production can only be corrected via exogenous insulin (externally administered into the body). Rapid acting insulin includes lispro and aspart etc. Short acting insulins include regular & velosulin. Intermediate acting insulins include NPH & Lente. Long acting insulins include ultralente, glargine, and detemir. Pre-mixed insulins include Humulin 70/30, Novolin 70/30, Novolog 70/30, Humulin 50/50, and Humalog 75/25.
For the management of diabetes, follow ABCs which means A1c level, blood pressure, cholesterol & smoking, respectively (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases). The patients with diabetes need to manage their high blood pressure, quit smoking, lower their cholesterol levels & normalize their A1c in ideal situations and this is the goal of therapy as well.
Controlling the disease will improve the quality of life; decrease morbidity rate and will eventually decrease mortality. But how is one supposed to prevent or manage when the person isn’t even aware of the risk factors, causes, medications and everything associated with diabetes, so what needs to be emphasized is to aware general public.
25% of the Chennai population didn’t know what diabetes is. 11.9% of the participants knew about the risk factors like obesity and physical inactivity are causing the disease prevalence. 19% knew that this disease can cause further complications as well. The conclusion of the study was that India lacks the awareness of diabetes which is the need of the hour. (Mohan et al., 2005).
Due to high illiteracy rate, the awareness of diabetes is very low. Poor socio-economic class also had a lower sense of knowledge. Even the diabetes affected patients had a lower level of awareness (Al-Adsani et al., 2009).
There have been various researches conducted on the knowledge & awareness of diabetes in the general population. According to the CDC (2008), overweight & less physical activity in young adults and children has caused an increased ratio of type 2 diabetes. A lot of Literature review has been done in the study which was done in 2016 by Nyamutsamba which tells about the risk factors awareness associated with diabetes(Nyamutsamba, 2016).
Pakistan is a developing country and we still need these basic studies in order to determine the root cause of many problems.The aim of the study was to determine the awareness of the people of Punjab, Pakistan about the basic knowledge of Diabetes. The reason for this was because of the increasing prevalence and complications of Diabetes and associated diseases (Zuhaid et al., 2012).
The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge of diabetes in general population of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The research methodology applied involves study type, study settings, sample size, research tool, Inclusion/Exclusion criteria, Statistical analysis tool and statistical formulas.
The design used in the research study is known as study type. There are various type and designs for research studies. Major among them are descriptive, experimental, co-relational, semi experimental, review, meta-analytical etc. The research design utilized for this diabetes awareness study was descriptive one. The descriptive design is the design which is rather systematic and gives facts, observations and characteristics about the population used as sample. Survey type of descriptive analysis was the mode of study.There are two types of study methods that can be used in a survey and following is the description of two types i.e. longitudinal study and cross sectional study. Longitudinal study is a study method in which same population group is studied but for a long period of time because this method is chosen when sequence of events in a population group is to be studied. The only disadvantage of this method is that it cannot be used in studies that needed to be done in a short period of time. In cross sectional study method data from different groups of a population is obtained. Even comparisons can be made of different variables. Moreover this study method required short time because it’s not necessary to see the sequence of events in such surveys. This survey was also done using cross-sectional study method because the data was collected from university students, outdoor patients and general public and some of the data was also collected using an online questionnaire.
The study settings are the area, place or the specific environment where a research is actually conducted. The study settings for this diabetes awareness study were various. These are Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, AL-shifa pharmacy, clinic and also through an online survey questionnaire.Day scholar students as well as hostellites of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan were involved in the data collection. Out-door patients and care takers were involved in data collection through AL-shifa pharmacy. Data was also taken from patients at a clinic setting. The online survey was done through questionnaire on google.docx and general public mostly from Punjab (and especially southern Punjab) of Pakistan were involved for the online survey.
Different types of sampling methods are used in surveys and using these methods data is collected from the target population. Before starting a study, considering the target of attaining data from the population a method is selected this will be in favor of data collection. The types of sampling methods that can be used in a survey can be described as random, stratified, systematic, purposive, quota and convenient.
Random sampling techniques data is collected randomly from the population and in this sampling method there is no target population and anyone can be a part of that survey. Equal chances of being selected for each individual are a possibility. Stratified sampling is a sampling technique in which the individuals are made the subject of study in such a way that they must have same attributes like selecting people which have a common profession e.g. teachers, students etc. the chances of error in this sampling technique is way less than the Random sampling. Systematic sampling method in which an n number is chosen and while selecting the participants of the survey, every nth person is selected. To decide an n number is upon you and it can be any number. For example, if an n number 10 is decided in a survey, every nth (10th), 2nth (20th), 3nth (30th) and so on persons can participate in that survey. Purposive type of sampling method, a criterion is made and every person of population that fulfills those criteria is included for the study. The only disadvantage of this method is that one have to be confident enough that the people from population which meets the criteria will also be willing to participate in that survey. Convenient type of sampling, people which are willing to participate are made the subjects of that study. Any available individual can be selected to collect the data. The sampling method used in this study was Convenient sampling because all the subjects which participated did it willingly, they consented to participate in the study by filling a structured questionnaire. Even for the online data collection, a google.docx link was given to the public. Anyone who willed to participate filled the survey. Quota Sampling method of sampling in which one can see similarity in between convenient and stratified sampling methods. In this method, sub sets are made and only people who will to participate, fill the questionnaire for the survey.
The data collection was done from the time of January 2018 to April 2018. During this, data was collected from university students, outdoor patients & online public. Hence general public was involved. A total of 752 persons were involved for the data collection. Hence, the sample size was of 752. Out of these 752, 390 individuals participated through online survey while 100 outdoor patients participated in this study. 200 participants were from hostels of Bahauddin Zakariya University and the rest 62 participants were the students of Bahauddin Zakariya University.
Research tool was a questionnaire. As the mode of study was descriptive analysis and survey methods are usually used to collect the descriptive data, the survey questionnaire was distributed to the general public and the same was online survey questionnaire consisted total of 14 number of questions was made available on google.docx. It consisted of demographic data of the participants involved including name, gender, age, city, marital status, socio economic status and presence of any major disease in the family. The questions included in the questionnaire were of both types i.e. open ended and closed ended questions. Major Key questions included concept about diabetes, organs affected, onset, risk factors involved in progression of disease. The knowledge about control, contagiousness, curability and preventability of the disease were also checked. Also if someone has diabetes in their family, they had to mention it.
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