Bachelorarbeit, 2018
18 Seiten
1. Introduction
2. African Culture
3. Africa and Drugs
4. Drug Abuse in African Literature
4.1. Abubakar Adam Ibrahim's Season of Crimson Blossoms
4.2. Chris Abani's Graceland
5. Women and Drugs
6. Conclusion
This thesis examines the role of drug consumption and trafficking in contemporary African fiction and asks how literary representations relate to the social and cultural context of drug use in Africa. It approaches the question through a sociological reading of Abubakar Adam Ibrahim's Season of Crimson Blossoms and Chris Abani's Graceland.
3. Africa and Drugs
Having defined the cultural construct in the previous chapter, this chapter will elaborate the current situation of drug abuse in Africa, its history and its impact on society. Furthermore, it will be clarified which kinds of drugs are currently in circulation and what kind of risks those bring with them.
There seems to be a rise in drug consumption in African countries. "Africa is said to be imperilled by an 'invisible tide' of drug trafficking and abuse, and several African countries declare themselves as 'crisis point' and declare drug abuse to be a 'national disaster'" (Carrier & Klantschnig 1). The thread is greater than ever before, drug abuse might get out of hand and cause damage beyond repair (cf. Carrier & Klantschnig 16). Drugs have been abused from time immemorial and treaties were only gradually established. Before the 20th century drug trade used to be unrestricted. That changed, however, when opium got introduced. Countries signed treaties that would restrict the trade of opium and other drugs. Due to prohibition, drugs could not be sold legally anymore, and so the trade of drugs switched to the black market. After WWII, when illicit trade was increasingly high, new treaties were introduced (cf. Carrier & Klantschnig 3, 18). "[I]nternational treaties give some flexibility to governments in how they are actualized: there are a variety of drug control practices across Africa, as instanced by the repressive Nigerian and a more medically oriented Tanzanian drug policy" (Carrier & Klantschnig 13).
The drug that is prevalently cultivated and consumed throughout Africa, is cannabis. According to a report from 1999, one possible reason for cannabis being the most widespread drug is its cheap purchase price; it is said to be sold even cheaper than bottled beer (cf. Carrier & Klantschnig 32). And while nowadays the reason for its consumption might mainly be one of pleasure, in earlier days the use of cannabis had a cultural background. "[C]annabis was not just used for its intoxicating properties, but also as a medicine, and many traditional healers [...] still use all parts of the plant to cure various ailments" (Carrier & Klantschnig 33). Drug abuse has a great impact on whole societies and communities. There are already concerns that the consumption of drugs might have a fatal and protracted effect on the continent's development. Due to drug consumption the African population is said to be at risk of sliding into poverty and regression. Also, the tending increase in corruption and human rights violations in Africa can be attributed to drug abuse. Even in the political sphere detrimental consequences can be perceived as there is a development towards repressive politics (cf. Carrier & Klantschnig 2). All these developments illustrate that the issue of drug abuse does not only affect the private individual but the society as a whole.
1. Introduction: The introduction sets out the relationship between drug use, social context and contemporary African fiction. It presents the two novels and the sociological approach guiding their analysis.
2. African Culture: This chapter considers definitions of culture, socialisation, traditions, hierarchy and gender roles. It also discusses historical change and globalisation.
3. Africa and Drugs: The chapter reviews the history of drug control, substances including cannabis and codeine, and the social and health issues associated with drug use and trafficking.
4. Drug Abuse in African Literature: The literary analysis examines drug consumption, trafficking, violence and social circumstances in the two novels, attending to characters and the spaces they inhabit.
5. Women and Drugs: This chapter considers gendered portrayals of drug use in the novels alongside accounts of women's drug consumption in other sources.
6. Conclusion: The conclusion brings together the literary and cultural discussion, reflecting on the relationship between representations in the novels and the wider social context.
African fiction, Nigerian literature, drug abuse, drug trafficking, sociology of literature, African culture, Season of Crimson Blossoms, Graceland, gender, cannabis, codeine, social inequality
It examines how drug use and trafficking are represented in contemporary African fiction and how those representations relate to their social and cultural context.
The thesis addresses culture, drug consumption and trafficking, violence, social inequality, gender and literary representation.
It asks what role drug abuse plays in the selected novels and to what extent its literary representation reflects the contemporary African cultural situation.
The author uses a sociological approach to literature, reading the novels in relation to sources on African social and cultural conditions.
It examines characters, drug-related spaces, consumption, trafficking and violence in Season of Crimson Blossoms and Graceland.
Key terms include Nigerian literature, drug abuse, drug trafficking, sociology of literature, African culture, gender, cannabis and codeine.
It considers how men and women are associated with drugs in the novels and compares those portrayals with accounts of women's drug use from other sources.
The analysis considers the novel's reference to the Biafran war and its depiction of young soldiers in connection with drug use.
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