Biosorptive Potential of Vigna radiata Biomass for Removal of Copper (II) and Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Medium

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Water pollution

1.2 Heavy metal pollution

1.3 Toxicity of heavy metals in waste water

1.3.1 Nickel

1.3.2 Lead

1.3.3 Chromium

1.3.4 Mercury

1.3.5 Manganese

1.3.6 Zinc

1.3.7 Arsenic

1.4 Emission of heavy metals

1.5 Chemistry of heavy metal pollution

1.6 Methods for removal of heavy metals

1.6.1 Biosorption

1.6.2 Chemical Precipitation

1.6.3 Membrane Processing

1.6.4 Adsorption

1.7 Factors affecting rate of adsorption

1.7.1 Amount of Adsorbent

1.7.2 Effect of temperature

1.7.3 Effect of pH

1.7.4 Effect of Time

1.8 Adsorption isotherm models

1.8.1 Langmuir adsorption isotherm

1.8.2 Freundlich isotherm model

1.8.3 Tempkin Isotherm Model

1.8.4 Dubinin-Radushkevich Model

1.9 Kinetic modelling

1.9.1 Pseudo first order model

1.9.2 Pseudo second order model

1.9.3 Elovich model

1.9.4 Intra particle diffusion model

1.10 Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption

1.11 Removal of cadmium from aqueous medium (Adsorbate)

1.12 Removal of copper from aqueous medium (Adsorbate)

1.13 Vigna radiata as an adsorbent

1.13.1 Applications of Vigna radiata

RATIONALE

OBJECTIVES

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTAL

3.1 Analytical technique

3.1.1 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer

3.1.2 Instrumentation

3.1.3 Working

3.1.4 Types of atomic absorption spectrophotometer

3.1.4.1 Single beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer

3.1.4.2 Double beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer

3.2 Experimental work

3.2.1 Apparatus and chemicals

3.2.2 Apparatus used

3.2.3 Chemicals used

3.2.4 Instrument/ Equipment used

3.3 Methodology

3.3.1 Sample collection

3.3.2 Sample preparation

3.3.3 Preparation of solutions

3.3.3.1 Preparation of stock solution of copper

3.3.3.2 Preparation of stock solution of cadmium

3.3.3.3 Preparation of standard solutions of cadmium

3.3.3.4 Preparation of standard solutions of copper

3.3.4 Factors affecting the adsorption process

3.3.4.1 Amount of dosage

3.3.4.2 pH factor

3.3.4.3 Contact time

3.3.4.4 Temperature

3.3.5 Adsorption isotherm models

3.3.6 Vigna radiata regeneration

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS

4.1. FTIR analysis of adsorbent

4.2 Factors affecting the adsorption process of copper

4.2.1 Effect of adsorbent dose on adsorption of copper

4.2.2 Time factor

4.2.3 pH factor

4.2.4 Temperature factor

4.3 Adsorption isotherm

4.3.1 Langmuir isotherm model

4.3.2 Freundlich Isotherm

4.3.3 Tempkin isotherm model

4.3.4 Dubinin-Radushkevich Model

4.4 Kinetic study

4.4.1 Pseudo 1st order kinetics

4.4.2 Pseudo 2nd order kinetics

4.4.3 Elovich model

4.4.4 Intra particle diffusion model

4.5 Thermodynamic study

4.6 Factors affecting the adsorption process of cadmium

4.6.1 Dose factor

4.6.2 Time factor

4.6.3 pH Factor

4.6.4 Temperature Factor

4.7 Models

4.7.1 Langmuir isotherm model

4.7.2 Freundlich Isotherm

4.7.3 Tempkin Isotherm Model

4.7.4 Dubinin-Radushkevich Model

4.8 Kinetic study

4.8.1 Pseudo 1st order kinetics

4.8.2 Pseudo 2nd order kinetics

4.8.3 Elovich model

4.8.4 Intra particle diffusion model

4.9 Thermodynamic study

4.10 Desorption of Vigna radiata

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

LIMITATIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

Research Objective and Scope

This research investigates the biosorptive potential of Vigna radiata (mung bean) biomass for the remediation of aqueous environments contaminated with Copper (II) and Cadmium (II) ions, aiming to establish an efficient, low-cost water treatment alternative.

• Analysis of physicochemical parameters including adsorbent dosage, agitation time, pH, and temperature.
• Application of adsorption isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich to interpret equilibrium data.
• Evaluation of sorption kinetics using Pseudo 1st order, Pseudo 2nd order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion models.
• Investigation of the thermodynamic feasibility and spontaneity of the biosorption process.
• Assessment of the regeneration potential and recyclability of Vigna radiata biomass.

Excerpt from the Book

Summary of Chapters

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: This chapter provides an overview of heavy metal pollution in aqueous media, their toxicological effects on humans and the environment, and common removal methods, highlighting the potential of Vigna radiata as an adsorbent.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW: This section reviews existing research on the use of various low-cost agricultural waste products as biosorbents for heavy metal removal, comparing their efficiency and adsorption mechanisms.

CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTAL: This chapter details the analytical techniques, specifically Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, and outlines the methodology for sample preparation, solution preparation, and the batch experiments conducted.

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS: This section presents the empirical findings regarding the effects of dosage, time, pH, and temperature on adsorption, alongside the mathematical modeling of adsorption isotherms and kinetics.

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION: This chapter interprets the experimental results, explaining the mechanistic insights into how Vigna radiata interacts with metal ions and validating the efficiency of the biosorption process through kinetic and thermodynamic analysis.

Keywords

Biosorption, Vigna radiata, Heavy metal removal, Copper (II), Cadmium (II), Adsorption isotherm, Kinetic modeling, Wastewater treatment, Thermodynamic study, Adsorbent dosage, pH effect, Mung bean, Environmental remediation, Desorption, Recyclability.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the core focus of this research?

The research focuses on the potential of Vigna radiata (mung bean) biomass to act as an effective and low-cost biosorbent for removing toxic heavy metals, specifically Copper (II) and Cadmium (II), from contaminated water.

What are the primary themes covered?

The study covers heavy metal toxicity, the chemistry of biosorption, the influence of various experimental parameters (such as pH and temperature), and the mathematical modeling of adsorption kinetics and equilibrium.

What is the primary objective of this work?

The main objective is to evaluate the adsorption efficiency of Vigna radiata, determine the optimal conditions for metal removal, and assess the potential for regenerating and recycling the biosorbent.

What scientific methods were employed?

The research employed Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) for metal concentration analysis and performed batch adsorption experiments to test various physicochemical factors.

What topics are discussed in the main body?

The main body treats the experimental methodology, presents quantitative results regarding removal efficiency, applies various isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, etc.), and discusses the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of the adsorption process.

Which keywords best characterize this work?

Key terms include Biosorption, Vigna radiata, Heavy metal removal, Adsorption isotherms, Kinetic modeling, and Wastewater remediation.

At what pH levels were the maximum adsorption capacities observed?

The study observed maximum adsorption potential for Copper (II) at pH 5 and for Cadmium (II) at pH 7.

What kinetic model best described the adsorption process?

The results indicated that the biosorption process using Vigna radiata followed pseudo 2nd order kinetics.

Can the Vigna radiata biomass be reused?

Yes, the study confirmed that the adsorbent could be regenerated using an HCl solution as an eluting agent, allowing for the reuse of the biomass.